The Nobel Prize _ Facts and laureates

[Iron Man]

. The Nobel Prize Every year since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for peace. The Nobel Prize is an international award administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize. Each prize consists of a medal, personal diploma, and a cash award. All Nobel Laureates [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Between 1901 and 2009, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 537 times to 829 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 802 individuals and 20 organizations. Below, you can view the full list of Nobel Laureates in terms of category, prize year, first name or last name. * 2009 - Chemistry, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan * Chemistry, Thomas A. Steitz * Chemistry, Ada E. Yonath * Economics, Elinor Ostrom * Economics, Oliver E. Williamson * Literature, Herta Müller * Medicine, Elizabeth H. Blackburn * Medicine, Carol W. Greider * Medicine, Jack W. Szostak * Peace, Barack Obama * Physics, Willard S. Boyle * Physics, Charles K. Kao * Physics, George E. Smith * 2008 - Chemistry, Martin Chalfie * Chemistry, Osamu Shimomura * Chemistry, Roger Y. Tsien * Economics, Paul Krugman * Literature, Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio * Medicine, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi * Medicine, Luc Montagnier * Medicine, Harald zur Hausen * Peace, Martti Ahtisaari * Physics, Makoto Kobayashi * Physics, Toshihide Maskawa * Physics, Yoichiro Nambu * 2007 - Chemistry, Gerhard Ertl * Economics, Leonid Hurwicz * Economics, Eric S. Maskin * Economics, Roger B. Myerson * Literature, Doris Lessing * Medicine, Mario R. Capecchi * Medicine, Sir Martin J. Evans * Medicine, Oliver Smithies * Peace, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change * Peace, Al Gore * Physics, Albert Fert * Physics, Peter Grünberg * 2006 - Chemistry, Roger D. Kornberg * Economics, Edmund S. Phelps * Literature, Orhan Pamuk * Medicine, Andrew Z. Fire * Medicine, Craig C. Mello * Peace, Grameen Bank * Peace, Muhammad Yunus * Physics, John C. Mather * Physics, George F. Smoot * 2005 - Chemistry, Yves Chauvin * Chemistry, Robert H. Grubbs * Chemistry, Richard R. Schrock * Economics, Robert J. Aumann * Economics, Thomas C. Schelling * Literature, Harold Pinter * Medicine, Barry J. Marshall * Medicine, J. Robin Warren * Peace, International Atomic Energy Agency * Peace, Mohamed ElBaradei * Physics, Roy J. Glauber * Physics, John L. Hall * Physics, Theodor W. Hänsch * 2004 - Chemistry, Aaron Ciechanover * Chemistry, Avram Hershko * Chemistry, Irwin Rose * Economics, Finn E. Kydland * Economics, Edward C. Prescott * Literature, Elfriede Jelinek * Medicine, Richard Axel * Medicine, Linda B. Buck * Peace, Wangari Maathai * Physics, David J. Gross * Physics, H. David Politzer * Physics, Frank Wilczek * 2003 - Chemistry, Peter Agre * Chemistry, Roderick MacKinnon * Economics, Robert F. Engle III * Economics, Clive W.J. Granger * Literature, J. M. Coetzee * Medicine, Paul C. Lauterbur * Medicine, Sir Peter Mansfield * Peace, Shirin Ebadi * Physics, Alexei A. Abrikosov * Physics, Vitaly L. Ginzburg * Physics, Anthony J. Leggett * 2002 - Chemistry, John B. Fenn * Chemistry, Koichi Tanaka * Chemistry, Kurt Wüthrich * Economics, Daniel Kahneman * Economics, Vernon L. Smith * Literature, Imre Kertész * Medicine, Sydney Brenner * Medicine, H. Robert Horvitz * Medicine, John E. Sulston * Peace, Jimmy Carter * Physics, Raymond Davis Jr. * Physics, Riccardo Giacconi * Physics, Masatoshi Koshiba * 2001 - Chemistry, William S. Knowles * Chemistry, Ryoji Noyori * Chemistry, K. Barry Sharpless * Economics, George A. Akerlof * Economics, A. Michael Spence * Economics, Joseph E. Stiglitz * Literature, V. S. Naipaul * Medicine, Leland H. Hartwell * Medicine, Tim Hunt * Medicine, Sir Paul Nurse * Peace, United Nations * Peace, Kofi Annan * Physics, Eric A. Cornell * Physics, Wolfgang Ketterle * Physics, Carl E. Wieman * 2000 - Chemistry, Alan Heeger * Chemistry, Alan G. MacDiarmid * Chemistry, Hideki Shirakawa * Economics, James J. Heckman * Economics, Daniel L. McFadden * Literature, Gao Xingjian * Medicine, Arvid Carlsson * Medicine, Paul Greengard * Medicine, Eric R. Kandel * Peace, Kim Dae-jung * Physics, Zhores I. Alferov * Physics, Jack S. Kilby * Physics, Herbert Kroemer * 1999 - Chemistry, Ahmed Zewail * Economics, Robert A. Mundell * Literature, Günter Grass * Medicine, Günter Blobel * Peace, Médecins Sans Frontières * Physics, Gerardus 't Hooft * Physics, Martinus J.G. Veltman * 1998 - Chemistry, Walter Kohn * Chemistry, John Pople * Economics, Amartya Sen * Literature, José Saramago * Medicine, Robert F. Furchgott * Medicine, Louis J. Ignarro * Medicine, Ferid Murad * Peace, John Hume * Peace, David Trimble * Physics, Robert B. Laughlin * Physics, Horst L. Störmer * Physics, Daniel C. Tsui * 1997 - Chemistry, Paul D. Boyer * Chemistry, Jens C. Skou * Chemistry, John E. Walker * Economics, Robert C. Merton * Economics, Myron S. Scholes * Literature, Dario Fo * Medicine, Stanley B. Prusiner * Peace, International Campaign to Ban Landmines * Peace, Jody Williams * Physics, Steven Chu * Physics, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji * Physics, William D. Phillips * 1996 - Chemistry, Robert F. Curl Jr. * Chemistry, Sir Harold Kroto * Chemistry, Richard E. Smalley * Economics, James A. Mirrlees * Economics, William Vickrey * Literature, Wislawa Szymborska * Medicine, Peter C. Doherty * Medicine, Rolf M. Zinkernagel * Peace, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo * Peace, José Ramos-Horta * Physics, David M. Lee * Physics, Douglas D. Osheroff * Physics, Robert C. Richardson * 1995 - Chemistry, Paul J. Crutzen * Chemistry, Mario J. Molina * Chemistry, F. Sherwood Rowland * Economics, Robert E. Lucas Jr. * Literature, Seamus Heaney * Medicine, Edward B. Lewis * Medicine, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard * Medicine, Eric F. Wieschaus * Peace, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs * Peace, Joseph Rotblat * Physics, Martin L. Perl * Physics, Frederick Reines * 1994 - Chemistry, George A. Olah * Economics, John C. Harsanyi * Economics, John F. Nash Jr. * Economics, Reinhard Selten * Literature, Kenzaburo Oe * Medicine, Alfred G. Gilman * Medicine, Martin Rodbell * Peace, Yasser Arafat * Peace, Shimon Peres * Peace, Yitzhak Rabin * Physics, Bertram N. Brockhouse * Physics, Clifford G. Shull * 1993 - Chemistry, Kary B. Mullis * Chemistry, Michael Smith * Economics, Robert W. Fogel * Economics, Douglass C. North * Literature, Toni Morrison * Medicine, Richard J. Roberts * Medicine, Phillip A. Sharp * Peace, F.W. de Klerk * Peace, Nelson Mandela * Physics, Russell A. Hulse * Physics, Joseph H. Taylor Jr. * 1992 - Chemistry, Rudolph A. Marcus * Economics, Gary S. Becker * Literature, Derek Walcott * Medicine, Edmond H. Fischer * Medicine, Edwin G. Krebs * Peace, Rigoberta Menchú Tum * Physics, Georges Charpak * 1991 - Chemistry, Richard R. Ernst * Economics, Ronald H. Coase * Literature, Nadine Gordimer * Medicine, Erwin Neher * Medicine, Bert Sakmann * Peace, Aung San Suu Kyi * Physics, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes * 1990 - Chemistry, Elias James Corey * Economics, Harry M. Markowitz * Economics, Merton H. Miller * Economics, William F. Sharpe * Literature, Octavio Paz * Medicine, Joseph E. Murray * Medicine, E. Donnall Thomas * Peace, Mikhail Gorbachev * Physics, Jerome I. Friedman * Physics, Henry W. Kendall * Physics, Richard E. Taylor * 1989 - Chemistry, Sidney Altman * Chemistry, Thomas R. Cech * Economics, Trygve Haavelmo * Literature, Camilo José Cela * Medicine, J. Michael Bishop * Medicine, Harold E. Varmus * Peace, The 14th Dalai Lama * Physics, Hans G. Dehmelt * Physics, Wolfgang Paul * Physics, Norman F. Ramsey * 1988 - Chemistry, Johann Deisenhofer * Chemistry, Robert Huber * Chemistry, Hartmut Michel * Economics, Maurice Allais * Literature, Naguib Mahfouz * Medicine, Sir James W. Black * Medicine, Gertrude B. Elion * Medicine, George H. Hitchings * Peace, United Nations Peacekeeping Forces * Physics, Leon M. Lederman * Physics, Melvin Schwartz * Physics, Jack Steinberger * 1987 - Chemistry, Donald J. Cram * Chemistry, Jean-Marie Lehn * Chemistry, Charles J. Pedersen * Economics, Robert M. Solow * Literature, Joseph Brodsky * Medicine, Susumu Tonegawa * Peace, Oscar Arias Sánchez * Physics, J. Georg Bednorz * Physics, K. Alex Müller * 1986 - Chemistry, Dudley R. Herschbach * Chemistry, Yuan T. Lee * Chemistry, John C. Polanyi * Economics, James M. Buchanan Jr. * Literature, Wole Soyinka * Medicine, Stanley Cohen * Medicine, Rita Levi-Montalcini * Peace, Elie Wiesel * Physics, Gerd Binnig * Physics, Heinrich Rohrer * Physics, Ernst Ruska * 1985 - Chemistry, Herbert A. Hauptman * Chemistry, Jerome Karle * Economics, Franco Modigliani * Literature, Claude Simon * Medicine, Michael S. Brown * Medicine, Joseph L. Goldstein * Peace, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War * Physics, Klaus von Klitzing * 1984 - Chemistry, Bruce Merrifield * Economics, Richard Stone * Literature, Jaroslav Seifert * Medicine, Niels K. Jerne * Medicine, Georges J.F. Köhler * Medicine, César Milstein * Peace, Desmond Tutu * Physics, Carlo Rubbia * Physics, Simon van der Meer * 1983 - Chemistry, Henry Taube * Economics, Gerard Debreu * Literature, William Golding * Medicine, Barbara McClintock * Peace, Lech Walesa * Physics, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar * Physics, William A. Fowler * 1982 - Chemistry, Aaron Klug * Economics, George J. Stigler * Literature, Gabriel García Márquez * Medicine, Sune K. Bergström * Medicine, Bengt I. Samuelsson * Medicine, John R. Vane * Peace, Alfonso García Robles * Peace, Alva Myrdal * Physics, Kenneth G. Wilson * 1981 - Chemistry, Kenichi Fukui * Chemistry, Roald Hoffmann * Economics, James Tobin * Literature, Elias Canetti * Medicine, David H. Hubel * Medicine, Roger W. Sperry * Medicine, Torsten N. Wiesel * Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees * Physics, Nicolaas Bloembergen * Physics, Arthur L. Schawlow * Physics, Kai M. Siegbahn * 1980 - Chemistry, Paul Berg * Chemistry, Walter Gilbert * Chemistry, Frederick Sanger * Economics, Lawrence R. Klein * Literature, Czeslaw Milosz * Medicine, Baruj Benacerraf * Medicine, Jean Dausset * Medicine, George D. Snell * Peace, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel * Physics, James Cronin * Physics, Val Fitch * 1979 - Chemistry, Herbert C. Brown * Chemistry, Georg Wittig * Economics, Sir Arthur Lewis * Economics, Theodore W. Schultz * Literature, Odysseus Elytis * Medicine, Allan M. Cormack * Medicine, Godfrey N. Hounsfield * Peace, Mother Teresa * Physics, Sheldon Glashow * Physics, Abdus Salam * Physics, Steven Weinberg * 1978 - Chemistry, Peter Mitchell * Economics, Herbert A. Simon * Literature, Isaac Bashevis Singer * Medicine, Werner Arber * Medicine, Daniel Nathans * Medicine, Hamilton O. Smith * Peace, Anwar al-Sadat * Peace, Menachem Begin * Physics, Pyotr Kapitsa * Physics, Arno Penzias * Physics, Robert Woodrow Wilson * 1977 - Chemistry, Ilya Prigogine * Economics, James E. Meade * Economics, Bertil Ohlin * Literature, Vicente Aleixandre * Medicine, Roger Guillemin * Medicine, Andrew V. Schally * Medicine, Rosalyn Yalow * Peace, Amnesty International * Physics, Philip W. Anderson * Physics, Sir Nevill F. Mott * Physics, John H. van Vleck * 1976 - Chemistry, William Lipscomb * Economics, Milton Friedman * Literature, Saul Bellow * Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg * Medicine, D. Carleton Gajdusek * Peace, Mairead Corrigan * Peace, Betty Williams * Physics, Burton Richter * Physics, Samuel C.C. Ting * 1975 - Chemistry, John Cornforth * Chemistry, Vladimir Prelog * Economics, Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich * Economics, Tjalling C. Koopmans * Literature, Eugenio Montale * Medicine, David Baltimore * Medicine, Renato Dulbecco * Medicine, Howard M. Temin * Peace, Andrei Sakharov * Physics, Aage N. Bohr * Physics, Ben R. Mottelson * Physics, James Rainwater * 1974 - Chemistry, Paul J. Flory * Economics, Gunnar Myrdal * Economics, Friedrich August von Hayek * Literature, Eyvind Johnson * Literature, Harry Martinson * Medicine, Albert Claude * Medicine, Christian de Duve * Medicine, George E. Palade * Peace, Seán MacBride * Peace, Eisaku Sato * Physics, Antony Hewish * Physics, Martin Ryle * 1973 - Chemistry, Ernst Otto Fischer * Chemistry, Geoffrey Wilkinson * Economics, Wassily Leontief * Literature, Patrick White * Medicine, Konrad Lorenz * Medicine, Nikolaas Tinbergen * Medicine, Karl von Frisch * Peace, Le Duc Tho * Peace, Henry Kissinger * Physics, Leo Esaki * Physics, Ivar Giaever * Physics, Brian D. Josephson * 1972 - Chemistry, Christian Anfinsen * Chemistry, Stanford Moore * Chemistry, William H. Stein * Economics, Kenneth J. Arrow * Economics, John R. Hicks * Literature, Heinrich Böll * Medicine, Gerald M. Edelman * Medicine, Rodney R. Porter * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, John Bardeen * Physics, Leon N. Cooper * Physics, Robert Schrieffer * 1971 - Chemistry, Gerhard Herzberg * Economics, Simon Kuznets * Literature, Pablo Neruda * Medicine, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. * Peace, Willy Brandt * Physics, Dennis Gabor * 1970 - Chemistry, Luis Leloir * Economics, Paul A. Samuelson * Literature, Alexandr Solzhenitsyn * Medicine, Julius Axelrod * Medicine, Sir Bernard Katz * Medicine, Ulf von Euler * Peace, Norman Borlaug * Physics, Hannes Alfvén * Physics, Louis Néel * 1969 - Chemistry, Derek Barton * Chemistry, Odd Hassel * Economics, Ragnar Frisch * Economics, Jan Tinbergen * Literature, Samuel Beckett * Medicine, Max Delbrück * Medicine, Alfred D. Hershey * Medicine, Salvador E. Luria * Peace, International Labour Organization * Physics, Murray Gell-Mann * 1968 - Chemistry, Lars Onsager * Literature, Yasunari Kawabata * Medicine, Robert W. Holley * Medicine, H. Gobind Khorana * Medicine, Marshall W. Nirenberg * Peace, René Cassin * Physics, Luis Alvarez * 1967 - Chemistry, Manfred Eigen * Chemistry, Ronald G.W. Norrish * Chemistry, George Porter * Literature, Miguel Angel Asturias * Medicine, Ragnar Granit * Medicine, Haldan K. Hartline * Medicine, George Wald * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, Hans Bethe * 1966 - Chemistry, Robert S. Mulliken * Literature, Shmuel Agnon * Literature, Nelly Sachs * Medicine, Charles B. Huggins * Medicine, Peyton Rous * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, Alfred Kastler * 1965 - Chemistry, Robert B. Woodward * Literature, Mikhail Sholokhov * Medicine, François Jacob * Medicine, André Lwoff * Medicine, Jacques Monod * Peace, United Nations Children's Fund * Physics, Richard P. Feynman * Physics, Julian Schwinger * Physics, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga * 1964 - Chemistry, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin * Literature, Jean-Paul Sartre * Medicine, Konrad Bloch * Medicine, Feodor Lynen * Peace, Martin Luther King Jr. * Physics, Nicolay G. Basov * Physics, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov * Physics, Charles H. Townes * 1963 - Chemistry, Giulio Natta * Chemistry, Karl Ziegler * Literature, Giorgos Seferis * Medicine, Sir John Eccles * Medicine, Alan L. Hodgkin * Medicine, Andrew F. Huxley * Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross * Peace, League of Red Cross Societies * Physics, Maria Goeppert-Mayer * Physics, J. Hans D. Jensen * Physics, Eugene Wigner * 1962 - Chemistry, John C. Kendrew * Chemistry, Max F. Perutz * Literature, John Steinbeck * Medicine, Francis Crick * Medicine, James Watson * Medicine, Maurice Wilkins * Peace, Linus Pauling * Physics, Lev Landau * 1961 - Chemistry, Melvin Calvin * Literature, Ivo Andric * Medicine, Georg von Békésy * Peace, Dag Hammarskjöld * Physics, Robert Hofstadter * Physics, Rudolf Mössbauer * 1960 - Chemistry, Willard F. Libby * Literature, Saint-John Perse * Medicine, Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet * Medicine, Peter Medawar * Peace, Albert Lutuli * Physics, Donald A. Glaser * 1959 - Chemistry, Jaroslav Heyrovsky * Literature, Salvatore Quasimodo * Medicine, Arthur Kornberg * Medicine, Severo Ochoa * Peace, Philip Noel-Baker * Physics, Owen Chamberlain * Physics, Emilio Segrè * 1958 - Chemistry, Frederick Sanger * Literature, Boris Pasternak * Medicine, George Beadle * Medicine, Joshua Lederberg * Medicine, Edward Tatum * Peace, Georges Pire * Physics, Pavel A. Cherenkov * Physics, Il´ja M. Frank * Physics, Igor Y. Tamm * 1957 - Chemistry, Lord Todd * Literature, Albert Camus * Medicine, Daniel Bovet * Peace, Lester Bowles Pearson * Physics, Tsung-Dao Lee * Physics, Chen Ning Yang * 1956 - Chemistry, Sir Cyril Hinshelwood * Chemistry, Nikolay Semenov * Literature, Juan Ramón Jiménez * Medicine, André F. Cournand * Medicine, Werner Forssmann * Medicine, Dickinson W. Richards * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, John Bardeen * Physics, Walter H. Brattain * Physics, William B. Shockley * 1955 - Chemistry, Vincent du Vigneaud * Literature, Halldór Laxness * Medicine, Hugo Theorell * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, Polykarp Kusch * Physics, Willis E. Lamb * 1954 - Chemistry, Linus Pauling * Literature, Ernest Hemingway * Medicine, John F. Enders * Medicine, Frederick C. Robbins * Medicine, Thomas H. Weller * Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees * Physics, Max Born * Physics, Walther Bothe * 1953 - Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger * Literature, Winston Churchill * Medicine, Hans Krebs * Medicine, Fritz Lipmann * Peace, George C. Marshall * Physics, Frits Zernike * 1952 - Chemistry, Archer J.P. Martin * Chemistry, Richard L.M. Synge * Literature, François Mauriac * Medicine, Selman A. Waksman * Peace, Albert Schweitzer * Physics, Felix Bloch * Physics, E. M. Purcell * 1951 - Chemistry, Edwin M. McMillan * Chemistry, Glenn T. Seaborg * Literature, Pär Lagerkvist * Medicine, Max Theiler * Peace, Léon Jouhaux * Physics, John Cockcroft * Physics, Ernest T.S. Walton * 1950 - Chemistry, Kurt Alder * Chemistry, Otto Diels * Literature, Bertrand Russell * Medicine, Philip S. Hench * Medicine, Edward C. Kendall * Medicine, Tadeus Reichstein * Peace, Ralph Bunche * Physics, Cecil Powell * 1949 - Chemistry, William F. Giauque * Literature, William Faulkner * Medicine, Walter Hess * Medicine, Egas Moniz * Peace, Lord Boyd Orr * Physics, Hideki Yukawa * 1948 - Chemistry, Arne Tiselius * Literature, T.S. Eliot * Medicine, Paul Müller * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, Patrick M.S. Blackett * 1947 - Chemistry, Sir Robert Robinson * Literature, André Gide * Medicine, Carl Cori * Medicine, Gerty Cori * Medicine, Bernardo Houssay * Peace, Friends Service Council * Peace, American Friends Service Committee * Physics, Edward V. Appleton * 1946 - Chemistry, John H. Northrop * Chemistry, Wendell M. Stanley * Chemistry, James B. Sumner * Literature, Hermann Hesse * Medicine, Hermann J. Muller * Peace, Emily Greene Balch * Peace, John R. Mott * Physics, Percy W. Bridgman * 1945 - Chemistry, Artturi Virtanen * Literature, Gabriela Mistral * Medicine, Ernst B. Chain * Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming * Medicine, Sir Howard Florey * Peace, Cordell Hull * Physics, Wolfgang Pauli * 1944 - Chemistry, Otto Hahn * Literature, Johannes V. Jensen * Medicine, Joseph Erlanger * Medicine, Herbert S. Gasser * Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross * Physics, Isidor Isaac Rabi * 1943 - Chemistry, George de Hevesy * Literature, No Prize was Awarded * Medicine, Henrik Dam * Medicine, Edward A. Doisy * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, Otto Stern * 1942 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded * Literature, No Prize was Awarded * Medicine, No Prize was Awarded * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, No Prize was Awarded * 1941 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded * Literature, No Prize was Awarded * Medicine, No Prize was Awarded * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, No Prize was Awarded * 1940 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded * Literature, No Prize was Awarded * Medicine, No Prize was Awarded * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, No Prize was Awarded * 1939 - Chemistry, Adolf Butenandt * Chemistry, Leopold Ruzicka * Literature, Frans Eemil Sillanpää * Medicine, Gerhard Domagk * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, Ernest Lawrence * 1938 - Chemistry, Richard Kuhn * Literature, Pearl Buck * Medicine, Corneille Heymans * Peace, Nansen International Office for Refugees * Physics, Enrico Fermi * 1937 - Chemistry, Norman Haworth * Chemistry, Paul Karrer * Literature, Roger Martin du Gard * Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi * Peace, Robert Cecil * Physics, Clinton Davisson * Physics, George Paget Thomson * 1936 - Chemistry, Peter Debye * Literature, Eugene O'Neill * Medicine, Sir Henry Dale * Medicine, Otto Loewi * Peace, Carlos Saavedra Lamas * Physics, Carl D. Anderson * Physics, Victor F. Hess * 1935 - Chemistry, Frédéric Joliot * Chemistry, Irène Joliot-Curie * Literature, No Prize was Awarded * Medicine, Hans Spemann * Peace, Carl von Ossietzky * Physics, James Chadwick * 1934 - Chemistry, Harold C. Urey * Literature, Luigi Pirandello * Medicine, George R. Minot * Medicine, William P. Murphy * Medicine, George H. Whipple * Peace, Arthur Henderson * Physics, No Prize was Awarded * 1933 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded * Literature, Ivan Bunin * Medicine, Thomas H. Morgan * Peace, Sir Norman Angell * Physics, Paul A.M. Dirac * Physics, Erwin Schrödinger * 1932 - Chemistry, Irving Langmuir * Literature, John Galsworthy * Medicine, Edgar Adrian * Medicine, Sir Charles Sherrington * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, Werner Heisenberg * 1931 - Chemistry, Friedrich Bergius * Chemistry, Carl Bosch * Literature, Erik Axel Karlfeldt * Medicine, Otto Warburg * Peace, Jane Addams * Peace, Nicholas Murray Butler * Physics, No Prize was Awarded * 1930 - Chemistry, Hans Fischer * Literature, Sinclair Lewis * Medicine, Karl Landsteiner * Peace, Nathan Söderblom * Physics, Sir Venkata Raman * 1929 - Chemistry, Arthur Harden * Chemistry, Hans von Euler-Chelpin * Literature, Thomas Mann * Medicine, Christiaan Eijkman * Medicine, Sir Frederick Hopkins * Peace, Frank B. Kellogg * Physics, Louis de Broglie * 1928 - Chemistry, Adolf Windaus * Literature, Sigrid Undset * Medicine, Charles Nicolle * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, Owen Willans Richardson * 1927 - Chemistry, Heinrich Wieland * Literature, Henri Bergson * Medicine, Julius Wagner-Jauregg * Peace, Ferdinand Buisson * Peace, Ludwig Quidde * Physics, Arthur H. Compton * Physics, C.T.R. Wilson * 1926 - Chemistry, The Svedberg * Literature, Grazia Deledda * Medicine, Johannes Fibiger * Peace, Aristide Briand * Peace, Gustav Stresemann * Physics, Jean Baptiste Perrin * 1925 - Chemistry, Richard Zsigmondy * Literature, George Bernard Shaw * Medicine, No Prize was Awarded * Peace, Sir Austen Chamberlain * Peace, Charles G. Dawes * Physics, James Franck * Physics, Gustav Hertz * 1924 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded * Literature, Wladyslaw Reymont * Medicine, Willem Einthoven * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, Manne Siegbahn * 1923 - Chemistry, Fritz Pregl * Literature, William Butler Yeats * Medicine, Frederick G. Banting * Medicine, John Macleod * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, Robert A. Millikan * 1922 - Chemistry, Francis W. Aston * Literature, Jacinto Benavente * Medicine, Archibald V. Hill * Medicine, Otto Meyerhof * Peace, Fridtjof Nansen * Physics, Niels Bohr * 1921 - Chemistry, Frederick Soddy * Literature, Anatole France * Medicine, No Prize was Awarded * Peace, Hjalmar Branting * Peace, Christian Lange * Physics, Albert Einstein * 1920 - Chemistry, Walther Nernst * Literature, Knut Hamsun * Medicine, August Krogh * Peace, Léon Bourgeois * Physics, Charles Edouard Guillaume * 1919 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded * Literature, Carl Spitteler * Medicine, Jules Bordet * Peace, Woodrow Wilson * Physics, Johannes Stark * 1918 - Chemistry, Fritz Haber * Literature, No Prize was Awarded * Medicine, No Prize was Awarded * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, Max Planck * 1917 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded * Literature, Karl Gjellerup * Literature, Henrik Pontoppidan * Medicine, No Prize was Awarded * Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross * Physics, Charles Glover Barkla * 1916 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded * Literature, Verner von Heidenstam * Medicine, No Prize was Awarded * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, No Prize was Awarded * 1915 - Chemistry, Richard Willstätter * Literature, Romain Rolland * Medicine, No Prize was Awarded * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, William Bragg * Physics, Lawrence Bragg * 1914 - Chemistry, Theodore W. Richards * Literature, No Prize was Awarded * Medicine, Robert Bárány * Peace, No Prize was Awarded * Physics, Max von Laue * 1913 - Chemistry, Alfred Werner * Literature, Rabindranath Tagore * Medicine, Charles Richet * Peace, Henri La Fontaine * Physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes * 1912 - Chemistry, Victor Grignard * Chemistry, Paul Sabatier * Literature, Gerhart Hauptmann * Medicine, Alexis Carrel * Peace, Elihu Root * Physics, Gustaf Dalén * 1911 - Chemistry, Marie Curie * Literature, Maurice Maeterlinck * Medicine, Allvar Gullstrand * Peace, Tobias Asser * Peace, Alfred Fried * Physics, Wilhelm Wien * 1910 - Chemistry, Otto Wallach * Literature, Paul Heyse * Medicine, Albrecht Kossel * Peace, Permanent International Peace Bureau * Physics, Johannes Diderik van der Waals * 1909 - Chemistry, Wilhelm Ostwald * Literature, Selma Lagerlöf * Medicine, Theodor Kocher * Peace, Auguste Beernaert * Peace, Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant * Physics, Ferdinand Braun * Physics, Guglielmo Marconi * 1908 - Chemistry, Ernest Rutherford * Literature, Rudolf Eucken * Medicine, Paul Ehrlich * Medicine, Ilya Mechnikov * Peace, Klas Pontus Arnoldson * Peace, Fredrik Bajer * Physics, Gabriel Lippmann * 1907 - Chemistry, Eduard Buchner * Literature, Rudyard Kipling * Medicine, Alphonse Laveran * Peace, Ernesto Teodoro Moneta * Peace, Louis Renault * Physics, Albert A. Michelson * 1906 - Chemistry, Henri Moissan * Literature, Giosuè Carducci * Medicine, Camillo Golgi * Medicine, Santiago Ramón y Cajal * Peace, Theodore Roosevelt * Physics, J.J. Thomson * 1905 - Chemistry, Adolf von Baeyer * Literature, Henryk Sienkiewicz * Medicine, Robert Koch * Peace, Bertha von Suttner * Physics, Philipp Lenard * 1904 - Chemistry, Sir William Ramsay * Literature, José Echegaray * Literature, Frédéric Mistral * Medicine, Ivan Pavlov * Peace, Institute of International Law * Physics, Lord Rayleigh * 1903 - Chemistry, Svante Arrhenius * Literature, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson * Medicine, Niels Ryberg Finsen * Peace, Randal Cremer * Physics, Henri Becquerel * Physics, Pierre Curie * Physics, Marie Curie * 1902 - Chemistry, Emil Fischer * Literature, Theodor Mommsen * Medicine, Ronald Ross * Peace, Élie Ducommun * Peace, Albert Gobat * Physics, Hendrik A. Lorentz * Physics, Pieter Zeeman * 1901 - Chemistry, Jacobus H. van 't Hoff * Literature, Sully Prudhomme * Medicine, Emil von Behring * Peace, Henry Dunant * Peace, Frédéric Passy * Physics, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen .

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The Nobelprize. Guide to the 2008 Nobel Laureates

New for 2008, the Nobelprize.Guide provides a brief overview of the latest Nobel Laureates and their work. Follow the links below to download Pdfs summarizing the awards in all six disciplines, either as a single 27 page ××××××××, or as individual subject-specific sections.


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[Iron Man]

. The Nobel Prize Diplomas [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] R.E. Smalley Richard E. Smalley, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry 1996 The festival day of the Nobel Foundation is on the 10th of December, the anniversary of the death of the testator. The Prize Award Ceremony for the Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine and Literature as well as for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel - takes place at the Stockholm Concert Hall. At this event, His Majesty the King of Sweden, hands each Laureate a diploma, a medal and a ×××××××× confirming the Nobel Prize amount, which in 2005 is SEK 10 million per full Prize. The Nobel Peace Prize is presented on the same day at the Oslo City Hall by the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in the presence of the King of Norway. The prize-awarding bodies decide the design of the diplomas. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is responsible for the Physics and Chemistry diplomas, and since 1969 also for the Economics diploma. The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet is responsible for the Physiology or Medicine diploma, the Swedish Academy for the Literature diploma and the Norwegian Nobel Committee for the diploma presented to the winners of the Peace Prize. Nowadays, the "Swedish" diplomas have a uniform binding, provided by the bookbindery Fälth & Hässler (earlier Hässlers Bokbinderi). This was not the case initially, since the various prize committees decided the artistic design of the diplomas based on their own wishes and resources. The Refsum bookbinding firm was responsible for binding the "Norwegian" diplomas until 1986, when the bookbinding firm of Kjell-Roger Josefson took over. The artistic design of the diplomas has varied over the years (see Register of artists and calligraphers), but the text has always followed the same pattern in the Swedish and Norwegian languages, respectively. The "Swedish" diplomas largely carry the same text, stating the person or persons to whom the prize-awarding body has decided to present the year's Prize plus a citation explaining why. The Norwegian diploma, on the other hand, has never included a Prize citation. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Diploma of Amartya Sen, 1998 Laureate in Economics Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1997 Artist: Bengt Landin Calligrapher: Annika Rücker The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences diplomas have been created by many artists since 1901: Sofia Gisberg (1901-1926); Ella Waldenström, Karin Ageman, Elsa Örtengren-Noréen, Björn Landström and Bertil Kumlien (1927-70); Gunnar Brusewitz (1970-1973); Karl-Axel Pehrson (1974); Tage Hedqvist (1975-1976); Sven Ljungberg (1977-1989); Philip von Schantz (1990-1993); Bengt Landin (1994-1998); and Nils G. Stenqvist (1999-2004). Very often, these diplomas are characterized by an annual theme - birds, flowers, vases etc. - rather than an individual design referring to the Laureates. In 1969, Reinhold Ljunggren created the diplomas for the first Economics Laureate, Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen. Between 1970 and 2004 the Physics, Chemistry and Economic Sciences diplomas were designed by the same artist. In 2004 there was a change. The Chemistry diploma was designed by Ingegerd Möller while Jordi Arkö did the diploma for the Economics Prize. In 2005 Ingegerd Möller did the Physics diplomas, while Jordi Arkö was responsible for Chemistry and Ulla Kraitz for Economics. In 2006 the same artists were engaged for the diplomas but Jordi Arkö was responsible for the Physics diplomas, Ulla Kraitz for Chemistry and Ingegerd Möller for Economics. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] A Physiology/Medicine diploma, the general look since 1965 During the years 1901-1964, the Physiology or Medicine diplomas were decorated with art works. In the first six years, 1901-1906, these were created by artist and architect Agi Lindegren. During the years 1907-1963, the following artists were responsible for designing the Physiology or Medicine diplomas: Anna Berglund, Ellen Jolin, Brita Ellström, Eivor Fischer, Jerk Werkmäster and Bertha Svensson-Piehl. In 1965, calligrapher Karl-Erik Forsberg designed a new Nobel diploma that excluded art work. Since 1965 the artistic decoration of the Physiology or Medicine diplomas has consisted of a gold medal in relief and a handsome calligraphic text. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Diploma of Dario Fo, Nobel Laureate for Literature 1997 Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1997 Artist: Bo Larsson Calligrapher: Annika Rücker The Swedish Academy has always used individual designs related to each Laureate. The artists have tried to summarize something of the atmosphere and character of each author's works. Because the Prize winners are not announced until mid-October and the diplomas must be ready before December 10, the diploma artist has only a few weeks to summarize the collected works or personal attributes of each author. Aside from creating the Physiology or Medicine diplomas, Agi Lindegren also created the Literature diplomas until 1911. During 1912-1918 the Literature diplomas were the work of Olle Hjortzberg, Nils Asplund and Josef Svanlund; and during 1919-1962 of Bertha Svensson (from 1938, Svensson-Piehl), with the exception of the years 1928-1930 when Olle Hjortzberg was the artist. From 1963 to 1988 Gunnar Brusewitz was responsible for the artistic design of the Literature diplomas, between 1989 and 2003 Bo Larsson, and since 2004 Karin Mamma Andersson. Until 1990, the Norwegian diplomas were created according to the same principles: During 1901-1969, a lithograph by Gerhard Munthe and during 1970-1990 a lithograph by Ørnulf Ranheimsaeter. Since 1991, different Norwegian artists have been responsible for the artistic design each year: Karl Erik Harr, Håkon Bleken, Jacob Weidemann, Anne-Lise Knoff, Ørnulf Opdahl, Jens Johannessen, Eva Arnesen, Franz Widerberg, Håvard Vikhagen, Elling Reitan, Håkon Gullvåg, Ulf Valde Jensen, Kari Elisabeth Dahlmo, Halvdan Ljøsne, Trond Botnen and Jarle Rosseland. For some years, well-known calligraphers have hand-lettered the various diplomas (see of artists and calligraphers). The diplomas from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Swedish Academy have been hand-lettered by Annika Rücker since 1988 and 1989, respectively, and the Physiology or Medicine diplomas by Susan Duvnäs since 1990. Since 1992, the Norwegian diplomas have been hand-lettered by Inger Magnus. Today each Nobel diploma is a unique work of art. The Literature diploma is written on parchment, i.e. specially treated leather, using largely the same technique as those of medieval book illustrators. The diplomas given to the other Laureates are produced on specially ordered handmade paper. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Literature Laureate for 1986 Wole Soyinka's diploma box. The Nobel relief on the Physiology or Medicine diploma is made of leather, attached to the diploma. After extensive preparations, the bookbinder then mounts the diploma in a leather cover made of the highest quality goatskin. Nowadays the Physics diplomas are mounted in a blue leather cover, Chemistry and Physiology or Medicine in red, Economic Sciences in brown and Literature in the color that the artist has chosen. In addition, the calligraphers have designed special gold monograms for each of the Laureates on the outside of the diplomas, which are also found on the boxes in which the diplomas rest. These diploma boxes are all made of gray woven paperboard, lined inside with pigskin suede. The size of the Nobel diplomas is 23 x 35 cms. In Birger Christofferson's book Gunnar Brusewitz, the artist provides a description of the diploma he made for Isaac Bashevis Singer (1978): The diploma is dominated by a Star of David, whose six tips point toward characters and events in Singer's books. The pictures in the upper left portion were inspired by "The Magician of Lublin". A parrot appears there, but can also symbolize the bird that flies away with people's sins. Beneath it, a couple of rabbis with a Torah roll and ritual ram's horn. Next to it, Jacob in "The Slave", living in captivity as a cowherd. The bottom portion of the diploma is based on "Satan in Goray", with its wild ecstatic atmosphere in anticipation of Shabbetai Zvi - the false "Messiah." The flower symbolizes the recovery of Goray from devastation. And above it, New York rises as the never-realized paradise for tormented Jews. To the right, the pogroms of the Nazi era. The book provides further examples of Nobel diploma design work. In 1984 the beloved Czech national poet Jaroslav Seifert was awarded the Nobel Prize. At 83 years old, he had a rich production behind him. The picture on the diploma was dominated by symbols of love and peace, against the backdrop of beautiful, ravaged Prague, his adored home city. In the late autumn of 1985, Gunnar Brusewitz portrayed Claude Simon's fascinating imagery, with its sharp contrasts between the gray battlefields of Flanders and surrealistic dream interpretations. In 1986, the first African to win the Nobel Prize in Literature was Wole Soyinka of Nigeria. His diploma imparts a genuine feeling of throbbing rhythms, magic rites and the struggle for liberation. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Diploma of Camilo José Cela Nobel Laureate for Literature 1989 Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1989 Artist: Bo Larsson Calligrapher: Annika Rücker Bo Larsson describes his art work for the 1989 Literature diploma awarded to Camilo José Cela as follows: "The black color seemed a given: the blackness of Goya and Picasso. So I painted the whole parchment black - or almost black. A few drops of white in this black, so that the completely black pupils I would later paint would stand out clearly and intensively. The eyes would belong to Cerberus, the three-headed watchdog of Hades. I made the whites of his eyes red; he holds people in the grip of his red claws and bites them with red teeth. I then exposed the scene by sprinkling sand between the dog and the people. The sand swirls around these figures, providing a vision of movement." .

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. The Nobel Prize Amounts On 27 November 1895, a year before his death, Alfred Nobel signed the famous will which would implement some of the goals to which he had devoted so much of his life. Nobel stipulated in his will that most of his estate, more than SEK 31 million (today approximately SEK 1,630 million) should be converted into a fund and invested in "safe securities." The income from the investments was to be "distributed annually in the form of prizes to those who during the preceding year have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind." The list below shows the Nobel Prize amount in Swedish kronor (SEK) through the years, the monetary value per December 2008 in Swedish kronor (SEK) and the value in % compared to the original amount in 1901. The Nobel Prize amount for 2009 is set at Swedish kronor (SEK) 10 million per full Nobel Prize. Prize Amount Converted into 2008 Year's Monetary Value Year Prize amount nominal value (SEK) Monetary value December 2008 (SEK) Value in % compared to original amount in 1901 Comment 1901 150 782 7 799 542 100% 1902 141 847 7 337 358 94% 1903 141 358 7 097 003 91% 1904 140 859 7 071 950 91% 1905 138 089 6 932 880 89% 1906 138 536 6 756 599 87% 1907 138 796 6 403 372 82% 1908 139 800 6 449 692 83% 1909 139 800 6 449 692 83% 1910 140 703 6 491 352 83% 1911 140 695 6 671 288 86% 1912 140 476 6 148 526 79% 1913 143 010 6 259 438 80% 1914 146 900 6 429 700 82% 1915 149 223 5 660 526 73% 1916 131 793 4 411 189 57% 1917 133 823 3 569 310 46% 1918 138 198 2 592 351 33% 1919 133 127 2 164 265 28% 1920 134 100 2 180 083 28% 1921 121 573 2 305 835 30% 1922 122 483 2 864 089 37% 1923 114 935 2 885 207 37% Smallest amount 1924 116 719 2 929 990 38% 1925 118 165 2 923 299 37% 1926 116 960 2 979 861 38% 1927 126 501 3 271 776 42% 1928 156 939 4 059 013 52% 1929 172 760 4 468 202 57% 1930 172 947 4 612 821 59% 1931 173 206 4 768 752 61% 1932 171 753 4 806 268 62% 1933 170 332 4 928 080 63% 1934 162 608 4 704 608 60% 1935 159 917 4 549 639 58% 1936 159 850 4 473 180 57% 1937 158 463 4 293 593 55% 1938 155 077 4 136 194 53% 1939 148 822 3 849 078 49% 1940 138 570 3 196 473 41% 1941 131 496 2 672 187 34% 1942 131 891 2 501 533 32% 1943 123 691 2 295 006 29% 1944 121 841 2 285 523 29% 1945 121 333 2 275 994 29% The Foundation is granted tax exemption 1946 121 524 2 279 577 29% 1947 146 115 2 653 386 34% 1948 159 773 2 782 985 36% 1949 156 290 2 667 870 34% 1950 164 304 2 776 900 36% 1951 167 612 2 445 416 31% 1952 171 135 2 318 472 30% 1953 175 293 2 337 696 30% The Foundation's investment rules are changed 1954 181 647 2 403 654 31% 1955 190 214 2 441 318 31% 1956 200 123 2 457 626 32% 1957 208 629 2 456 067 31% 1958 214 559 2 409 554 31% 1959 220 678 2 462 074 32% 1960 225 987 2 426 162 31% 1961 250 233 2 620 538 34% 1962 257 220 2 582 791 33% 1963 265 000 2 584 886 33% 1964 273 000 2 574 646 33% 1965 282 000 2 533 547 32% 1966 300 000 2 535 149 33% 1967 320 000 2 588 815 33% 1968 350 000 2 778 837 36% 1969 375 000 2 896 493 37% The Prize in Economics is added 1970 400 000 2 893 220 37% 1971 450 000 3 024 213 39% 1972 480 000 3 045 948 39% 1973 510 000 3 033 345 39% 1974 550 000 2 971 044 38% 1975 630 000 3 099 164 40% 1976 681 000 3 043 107 39% 1977 700 000 2 804 930 36% 1978 725 000 2 638 753 34% 1979 800 000 2 720 319 35% 1980 880 000 2 630 753 34% 1981 1 000 000 2 667 188 34% 1982 1 150 000 2 824 532 36% 1983 1 500 000 3 382 431 43% 1984 1 650 000 3 443 215 44% 1985 1 800 000 3 499 544 45% 1986 2 000 000 3 731 148 48% 1987 2 175 000 3 891 745 50% 1988 2 500 000 4 229 435 54% 1989 3 000 000 4 772 600 61% 1990 4 000 000 5 762 025 74% 1991 6 000 000 7 896 685 101% 1992 6 500 000 8 361 341 107% 1993 6 700 000 8 233 909 106% 1994 7 000 000 8 420 719 108% 1995 7 200 000 8 447 010 108% 1996 7 400 000 8 640 082 111% 1997 7 500 000 8 715 112 112% 1998 7 600 000 8 843 354 113% 1999 7 900 000 9 148 779 117% 2000 9 000 000 10 317 663 132% 2001 10 000 000 11 193 443 144% 2002 10 000 000 10 956 354 140% 2003 10 000 000 10 749 370 138% 2004 10 000 000 10 708 908 137% 2005 10 000 000 10 662 086 137% 2006 10 000 000 10 440 367 134% 2007 10 000 000 10 088 652 129% 2008 10 000 000 10 000 000 128% .

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. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Nobel Laureates Facts On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace - the Nobel Prizes. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. Learn more about the Laureates here. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] 829 Nobel Laureates! 806 Laureates and 23 organizations have been awarded the Nobel Prize between 1901 and 2009. Of them, 64 are Laureates in Economic Sciences. A small number of Laureates and organizations have been honoured more than once, which means that 802 individuals and 20 unique organizations have received the Nobel Prize in total. See "Multiple Nobel Laureates". [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] All Nobel Laureates in Physics * 2009 - Charles K. Kao, Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith * 2008 - Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa * 2007 - Albert Fert, Peter Grünberg * 2006 - John C. Mather, George F. Smoot * 2005 - Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, Theodor W. Hänsch * 2004 - David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek * 2003 - Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg, Anthony J. Leggett * 2002 - Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giacconi * 2001 - Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman * 2000 - Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby * 1999 - Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman * 1998 - Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui * 1997 - Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips * 1996 - David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson * 1995 - Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines * 1994 - Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford G. Shull * 1993 - Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor Jr. * 1992 - Georges Charpak * 1991 - Pierre-Gilles de Gennes * 1990 - Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor * 1989 - Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul * 1988 - Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger * 1987 - J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alex Müller * 1986 - Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer * 1985 - Klaus von Klitzing * 1984 - Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer * 1983 - Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, William A. Fowler * 1982 - Kenneth G. Wilson * 1981 - Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur L. Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn * 1980 - James Cronin, Val Fitch * 1979 - Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg * 1978 - Pyotr Kapitsa, Arno Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson * 1977 - Philip W. Anderson, Sir Nevill F. Mott, John H. van Vleck * 1976 - Burton Richter, Samuel C.C. Ting * 1975 - Aage N. Bohr, Ben R. Mottelson, James Rainwater * 1974 - Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish * 1973 - Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian D. Josephson * 1972 - John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper, Robert Schrieffer * 1971 - Dennis Gabor * 1970 - Hannes Alfvén, Louis Néel * 1969 - Murray Gell-Mann * 1968 - Luis Alvarez * 1967 - Hans Bethe * 1966 - Alfred Kastler * 1965 - Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman * 1964 - Charles H. Townes, Nicolay G. Basov, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov * 1963 - Eugene Wigner, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen * 1962 - Lev Landau * 1961 - Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Mössbauer * 1960 - Donald A. Glaser * 1959 - Emilio Segrè, Owen Chamberlain * 1958 - Pavel A. Cherenkov, Il´ja M. Frank, Igor Y. Tamm * 1957 - Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao Lee * 1956 - William B. Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain * 1955 - Willis E. Lamb, Polykarp Kusch * 1954 - Max Born, Walther Bothe * 1953 - Frits Zernike * 1952 - Felix Bloch, E. M. Purcell * 1951 - John Cockcroft, Ernest T.S. Walton * 1950 - Cecil Powell * 1949 - Hideki Yukawa * 1948 - Patrick M.S. Blackett * 1947 - Edward V. Appleton * 1946 - Percy W. Bridgman * 1945 - Wolfgang Pauli * 1944 - Isidor Isaac Rabi * 1943 - Otto Stern * 1942 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1941 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1940 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1939 - Ernest Lawrence * 1938 - Enrico Fermi * 1937 - Clinton Davisson, George Paget Thomson * 1936 - Victor F. Hess, Carl D. Anderson * 1935 - James Chadwick * 1934 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1933 - Erwin Schrödinger, Paul A.M. Dirac * 1932 - Werner Heisenberg * 1931 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1930 - Sir Venkata Raman * 1929 - Louis de Broglie * 1928 - Owen Willans Richardson * 1927 - Arthur H. Compton, C.T.R. Wilson * 1926 - Jean Baptiste Perrin * 1925 - James Franck, Gustav Hertz * 1924 - Manne Siegbahn * 1923 - Robert A. Millikan * 1922 - Niels Bohr * 1921 - Albert Einstein * 1920 - Charles Edouard Guillaume * 1919 - Johannes Stark * 1918 - Max Planck * 1917 - Charles Glover Barkla * 1916 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1915 - William Bragg, Lawrence Bragg * 1914 - Max von Laue * 1913 - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes * 1912 - Gustaf Dalén * 1911 - Wilhelm Wien * 1910 - Johannes Diderik van der Waals * 1909 - Guglielmo Marconi, Ferdinand Braun * 1908 - Gabriel Lippmann * 1907 - Albert A. Michelson * 1906 - J.J. Thomson * 1905 - Philipp Lenard * 1904 - Lord Rayleigh * 1903 - Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie * 1902 - Hendrik A. Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman * 1901 - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry The Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded 101 times to 157 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2009. Frederick Sanger is the only Nobel Laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice, in 1958 and 1980. This means that a total of 156 individuals have received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. * 2009 - Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, Ada E. Yonath * 2008 - Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Y. Tsien * 2007 - Gerhard Ertl * 2006 - Roger D. Kornberg * 2005 - Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, Richard R. Schrock * 2004 - Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose * 2003 - Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon * 2002 - John B. Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich * 2001 - William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori, K. Barry Sharpless * 2000 - Alan Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa * 1999 - Ahmed Zewail * 1998 - Walter Kohn, John Pople * 1997 - Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker, Jens C. Skou * 1996 - Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold Kroto, Richard E. Smalley * 1995 - Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland * 1994 - George A. Olah * 1993 - Kary B. Mullis, Michael Smith * 1992 - Rudolph A. Marcus * 1991 - Richard R. Ernst * 1990 - Elias James Corey * 1989 - Sidney Altman, Thomas R. Cech * 1988 - Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel * 1987 - Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen * 1986 - Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi * 1985 - Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle * 1984 - Bruce Merrifield * 1983 - Henry Taube * 1982 - Aaron Klug * 1981 - Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann * 1980 - Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger * 1979 - Herbert C. Brown, Georg Wittig * 1978 - Peter Mitchell * 1977 - Ilya Prigogine * 1976 - William Lipscomb * 1975 - John Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog * 1974 - Paul J. Flory * 1973 - Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson * 1972 - Christian Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, William H. Stein * 1971 - Gerhard Herzberg * 1970 - Luis Leloir * 1969 - Derek Barton, Odd Hassel * 1968 - Lars Onsager * 1967 - Manfred Eigen, Ronald G.W. Norrish, George Porter * 1966 - Robert S. Mulliken * 1965 - Robert B. Woodward * 1964 - Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin * 1963 - Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta * 1962 - Max F. Perutz, John C. Kendrew * 1961 - Melvin Calvin * 1960 - Willard F. Libby * 1959 - Jaroslav Heyrovsky * 1958 - Frederick Sanger * 1957 - Lord Todd * 1956 - Sir Cyril Hinshelwood, Nikolay Semenov * 1955 - Vincent du Vigneaud * 1954 - Linus Pauling * 1953 - Hermann Staudinger * 1952 - Archer J.P. Martin, Richard L.M. Synge * 1951 - Edwin M. McMillan, Glenn T. Seaborg * 1950 - Otto Diels, Kurt Alder * 1949 - William F. Giauque * 1948 - Arne Tiselius * 1947 - Sir Robert Robinson * 1946 - James B. Sumner, John H. Northrop, Wendell M. Stanley * 1945 - Artturi Virtanen * 1944 - Otto Hahn * 1943 - George de Hevesy * 1942 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1941 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1940 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1939 - Adolf Butenandt, Leopold Ruzicka * 1938 - Richard Kuhn * 1937 - Norman Haworth, Paul Karrer * 1936 - Peter Debye * 1935 - Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie * 1934 - Harold C. Urey * 1933 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1932 - Irving Langmuir * 1931 - Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius * 1930 - Hans Fischer * 1929 - Arthur Harden, Hans von Euler-Chelpin * 1928 - Adolf Windaus * 1927 - Heinrich Wieland * 1926 - The Svedberg * 1925 - Richard Zsigmondy * 1924 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1923 - Fritz Pregl * 1922 - Francis W. Aston * 1921 - Frederick Soddy * 1920 - Walther Nernst * 1919 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1918 - Fritz Haber * 1917 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1916 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1915 - Richard Willstätter * 1914 - Theodore W. Richards * 1913 - Alfred Werner * 1912 - Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier * 1911 - Marie Curie * 1910 - Otto Wallach * 1909 - Wilhelm Ostwald * 1908 - Ernest Rutherford * 1907 - Eduard Buchner * 1906 - Henri Moissan * 1905 - Adolf von Baeyer * 1904 - Sir William Ramsay * 1903 - Svante Arrhenius * 1902 - Emil Fischer * 1901 - Jacobus H. van 't Hoff [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] All Nobel Laureates in Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded 100 times to 195 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2009. * 2009 - Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, Jack W. Szostak * 2008 - Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Luc Montagnier * 2007 - Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans, Oliver Smithies * 2006 - Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello * 2005 - Barry J. Marshall, J. Robin Warren * 2004 - Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck * 2003 - Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield * 2002 - Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston * 2001 - Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul Nurse * 2000 - Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R. Kandel * 1999 - Günter Blobel * 1998 - Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad * 1997 - Stanley B. Prusiner * 1996 - Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel * 1995 - Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus * 1994 - Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell * 1993 - Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp * 1992 - Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs * 1991 - Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann * 1990 - Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas * 1989 - J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus * 1988 - Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings * 1987 - Susumu Tonegawa * 1986 - Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini * 1985 - Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein * 1984 - Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein * 1983 - Barbara McClintock * 1982 - Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane * 1981 - Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel * 1980 - Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell * 1979 - Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield * 1978 - Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith * 1977 - Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally, Rosalyn Yalow * 1976 - Baruch S. Blumberg, D. Carleton Gajdusek * 1975 - David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard M. Temin * 1974 - Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade * 1973 - Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen * 1972 - Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter * 1971 - Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. * 1970 - Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod * 1969 - Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador E. Luria * 1968 - Robert W. Holley, H. Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg * 1967 - Ragnar Granit, Haldan K. Hartline, George Wald * 1966 - Peyton Rous, Charles B. Huggins * 1965 - François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod * 1964 - Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen * 1963 - Sir John Eccles, Alan L. Hodgkin, Andrew F. Huxley * 1962 - Francis Crick, James Watson, Maurice Wilkins * 1961 - Georg von Békésy * 1960 - Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Medawar * 1959 - Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg * 1958 - George Beadle, Edward Tatum, Joshua Lederberg * 1957 - Daniel Bovet * 1956 - André F. Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards * 1955 - Hugo Theorell * 1954 - John F. Enders, Thomas H. Weller, Frederick C. Robbins * 1953 - Hans Krebs, Fritz Lipmann * 1952 - Selman A. Waksman * 1951 - Max Theiler * 1950 - Edward C. Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip S. Hench * 1949 - Walter Hess, Egas Moniz * 1948 - Paul Müller * 1947 - Carl Cori, Gerty Cori, Bernardo Houssay * 1946 - Hermann J. Muller * 1945 - Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst B. Chain, Sir Howard Florey * 1944 - Joseph Erlanger, Herbert S. Gasser * 1943 - Henrik Dam, Edward A. Doisy * 1942 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1941 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1940 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1939 - Gerhard Domagk * 1938 - Corneille Heymans * 1937 - Albert Szent-Györgyi * 1936 - Sir Henry Dale, Otto Loewi * 1935 - Hans Spemann * 1934 - George H. Whipple, George R. Minot, William P. Murphy * 1933 - Thomas H. Morgan * 1932 - Sir Charles Sherrington, Edgar Adrian * 1931 - Otto Warburg * 1930 - Karl Landsteiner * 1929 - Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Hopkins * 1928 - Charles Nicolle * 1927 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg * 1926 - Johannes Fibiger * 1925 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1924 - Willem Einthoven * 1923 - Frederick G. Banting, John Macleod * 1922 - Archibald V. Hill, Otto Meyerhof * 1921 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1920 - August Krogh * 1919 - Jules Bordet * 1918 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1917 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1916 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1915 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1914 - Robert Bárány * 1913 - Charles Richet * 1912 - Alexis Carrel * 1911 - Allvar Gullstrand * 1910 - Albrecht Kossel * 1909 - Theodor Kocher * 1908 - Ilya Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich * 1907 - Alphonse Laveran * 1906 - Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal * 1905 - Robert Koch * 1904 - Ivan Pavlov * 1903 - Niels Ryberg Finsen * 1902 - Ronald Ross * 1901 - Emil von Behring [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] All Nobel Laureates in Literature The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded 102 times to 106 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2009. * 2009 - Herta Müller * 2008 - Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio * 2007 - Doris Lessing * 2006 - Orhan Pamuk * 2005 - Harold Pinter * 2004 - Elfriede Jelinek * 2003 - J. M. Coetzee * 2002 - Imre Kertész * 2001 - V. S. Naipaul * 2000 - Gao Xingjian * 1999 - Günter Grass * 1998 - José Saramago * 1997 - Dario Fo * 1996 - Wislawa Szymborska * 1995 - Seamus Heaney * 1994 - Kenzaburo Oe * 1993 - Toni Morrison * 1992 - Derek Walcott * 1991 - Nadine Gordimer * 1990 - Octavio Paz * 1989 - Camilo José Cela * 1988 - Naguib Mahfouz * 1987 - Joseph Brodsky * 1986 - Wole Soyinka * 1985 - Claude Simon * 1984 - Jaroslav Seifert * 1983 - William Golding * 1982 - Gabriel García Márquez * 1981 - Elias Canetti * 1980 - Czeslaw Milosz * 1979 - Odysseus Elytis * 1978 - Isaac Bashevis Singer * 1977 - Vicente Aleixandre * 1976 - Saul Bellow * 1975 - Eugenio Montale * 1974 - Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson * 1973 - Patrick White * 1972 - Heinrich Böll * 1971 - Pablo Neruda * 1970 - Alexandr Solzhenitsyn * 1969 - Samuel Beckett * 1968 - Yasunari Kawabata * 1967 - Miguel Angel Asturias * 1966 - Shmuel Agnon, Nelly Sachs * 1965 - Mikhail Sholokhov * 1964 - Jean-Paul Sartre * 1963 - Giorgos Seferis * 1962 - John Steinbeck * 1961 - Ivo Andric * 1960 - Saint-John Perse * 1959 - Salvatore Quasimodo * 1958 - Boris Pasternak * 1957 - Albert Camus * 1956 - Juan Ramón Jiménez * 1955 - Halldór Laxness * 1954 - Ernest Hemingway * 1953 - Winston Churchill * 1952 - François Mauriac * 1951 - Pär Lagerkvist * 1950 - Bertrand Russell * 1949 - William Faulkner * 1948 - T.S. Eliot * 1947 - André Gide * 1946 - Hermann Hesse * 1945 - Gabriela Mistral * 1944 - Johannes V. Jensen * 1943 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1942 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1941 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1940 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1939 - Frans Eemil Sillanpää * 1938 - Pearl Buck * 1937 - Roger Martin du Gard * 1936 - Eugene O'Neill * 1935 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1934 - Luigi Pirandello * 1933 - Ivan Bunin * 1932 - John Galsworthy * 1931 - Erik Axel Karlfeldt * 1930 - Sinclair Lewis * 1929 - Thomas Mann * 1928 - Sigrid Undset * 1927 - Henri Bergson * 1926 - Grazia Deledda * 1925 - George Bernard Shaw * 1924 - Wladyslaw Reymont * 1923 - William Butler Yeats * 1922 - Jacinto Benavente * 1921 - Anatole France * 1920 - Knut Hamsun * 1919 - Carl Spitteler * 1918 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1917 - Karl Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan * 1916 - Verner von Heidenstam * 1915 - Romain Rolland * 1914 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1913 - Rabindranath Tagore * 1912 - Gerhart Hauptmann * 1911 - Maurice Maeterlinck * 1910 - Paul Heyse * 1909 - Selma Lagerlöf * 1908 - Rudolf Eucken * 1907 - Rudyard Kipling * 1906 - Giosuè Carducci * 1905 - Henryk Sienkiewicz * 1904 - Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray * 1903 - Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson * 1902 - Theodor Mommsen * 1901 - Sully Prudhomme [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded 90 times to 120 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2009 – 97 times to individuals and 23 times to organizations. Since International Committee of the Red Cross was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1917, 1944 and 1963, and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1954 and 1981, that means 97 individuals and 20 organizations have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. * 2009 - Barack Obama * 2008 - Martti Ahtisaari * 2007 - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Al Gore * 2006 - Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Bank * 2005 - International Atomic Energy Agency, Mohamed ElBaradei * 2004 - Wangari Maathai * 2003 - Shirin Ebadi * 2002 - Jimmy Carter * 2001 - United Nations, Kofi Annan * 2000 - Kim Dae-jung * 1999 - Médecins Sans Frontières * 1998 - John Hume, David Trimble * 1997 - International Campaign to Ban Landmines, Jody Williams * 1996 - Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, José Ramos-Horta * 1995 - Joseph Rotblat, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs * 1994 - Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin * 1993 - Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk * 1992 - Rigoberta Menchú Tum * 1991 - Aung San Suu Kyi * 1990 - Mikhail Gorbachev * 1989 - The 14th Dalai Lama * 1988 - United Nations Peacekeeping Forces * 1987 - Oscar Arias Sánchez * 1986 - Elie Wiesel * 1985 - International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War * 1984 - Desmond Tutu * 1983 - Lech Walesa * 1982 - Alva Myrdal, Alfonso García Robles * 1981 - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees * 1980 - Adolfo Pérez Esquivel * 1979 - Mother Teresa * 1978 - Anwar al-Sadat, Menachem Begin * 1977 - Amnesty International * 1976 - Betty Williams, Mairead Corrigan * 1975 - Andrei Sakharov * 1974 - Seán MacBride, Eisaku Sato * 1973 - Henry Kissinger, Le Duc Tho * 1972 - The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund * 1971 - Willy Brandt * 1970 - Norman Borlaug * 1969 - International Labour Organization * 1968 - René Cassin * 1967 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1966 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1965 - United Nations Children's Fund * 1964 - Martin Luther King Jr. * 1963 - International Committee of the Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies * 1962 - Linus Pauling * 1961 - Dag Hammarskjöld * 1960 - Albert Lutuli * 1959 - Philip Noel-Baker * 1958 - Georges Pire * 1957 - Lester Bowles Pearson * 1956 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1955 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1954 - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees * 1953 - George C. Marshall * 1952 - Albert Schweitzer * 1951 - Léon Jouhaux * 1950 - Ralph Bunche * 1949 - Lord Boyd Orr * 1948 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1947 - Friends Service Council, American Friends Service Committee * 1946 - Emily Greene Balch, John R. Mott * 1945 - Cordell Hull * 1944 - International Committee of the Red Cross * 1943 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1942 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1941 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1940 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1939 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1938 - Nansen International Office for Refugees * 1937 - Robert Cecil * 1936 - Carlos Saavedra Lamas * 1935 - Carl von Ossietzky * 1934 - Arthur Henderson * 1933 - Sir Norman Angell * 1932 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1931 - Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler * 1930 - Nathan Söderblom * 1929 - Frank B. Kellogg * 1928 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1927 - Ferdinand Buisson, Ludwig Quidde * 1926 - Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann * 1925 - Sir Austen Chamberlain, Charles G. Dawes * 1924 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1923 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1922 - Fridtjof Nansen * 1921 - Hjalmar Branting, Christian Lange * 1920 - Léon Bourgeois * 1919 - Woodrow Wilson * 1918 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1917 - International Committee of the Red Cross * 1916 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1915 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1914 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section * 1913 - Henri La Fontaine * 1912 - Elihu Root * 1911 - Tobias Asser, Alfred Fried * 1910 - Permanent International Peace Bureau * 1909 - Auguste Beernaert, Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant * 1908 - Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Fredrik Bajer * 1907 - Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Louis Renault * 1906 - Theodore Roosevelt * 1905 - Bertha von Suttner * 1904 - Institute of International Law * 1903 - Randal Cremer * 1902 - Élie Ducommun, Albert Gobat * 1901 - Henry Dunant, Frédéric Passy [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] All Laureates in Economic Sciences The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel has been awarded 41 times to 64 Laureates between 1969 and 2009. * 2009 - Elinor Ostrom, Oliver E. Williamson * 2008 - Paul Krugman * 2007 - Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S. Maskin, Roger B. Myerson * 2006 - Edmund S. Phelps * 2005 - Robert J. Aumann, Thomas C. Schelling * 2004 - Finn E. Kydland, Edward C. Prescott * 2003 - Robert F. Engle III, Clive W.J. Granger * 2002 - Daniel Kahneman, Vernon L. Smith * 2001 - George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence, Joseph E. Stiglitz * 2000 - James J. Heckman, Daniel L. McFadden * 1999 - Robert A. Mundell * 1998 - Amartya Sen * 1997 - Robert C. Merton, Myron S. Scholes * 1996 - James A. Mirrlees, William Vickrey * 1995 - Robert E. Lucas Jr. * 1994 - John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Jr., Reinhard Selten * 1993 - Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C. North * 1992 - Gary S. Becker * 1991 - Ronald H. Coase * 1990 - Harry M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller, William F. Sharpe * 1989 - Trygve Haavelmo * 1988 - Maurice Allais * 1987 - Robert M. Solow * 1986 - James M. Buchanan Jr. * 1985 - Franco Modigliani * 1984 - Richard Stone * 1983 - Gerard Debreu * 1982 - George J. Stigler * 1981 - James Tobin * 1980 - Lawrence R. Klein * 1979 - Theodore W. Schultz, Sir Arthur Lewis * 1978 - Herbert A. Simon * 1977 - Bertil Ohlin, James E. Meade * 1976 - Milton Friedman * 1975 - Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich, Tjalling C. Koopmans * 1974 - Gunnar Myrdal, Friedrich August von Hayek * 1973 - Wassily Leontief * 1972 - John R. Hicks, Kenneth J. Arrow * 1971 - Simon Kuznets * 1970 - Paul A. Samuelson * 1969 - Ragnar Frisch, Jan Tinbergen .

[Iron Man]

. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] 537 Nobel Prizes! Between 1901 and 2009, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 537 times. There have been a few years in which the Nobel Prize was not awarded, particularly during World War I and II. In the statutes of the Nobel Foundation it says: "If none of the works under consideration is found to be of the importance indicated in the first paragraph, the prize money shall be reserved until the following year. If, even then, the prize cannot be awarded, the amount shall be added to the Foundation's restricted funds." Awarded to one Laureate Shared by two Laureates Shared by three Laureates Physics 47 28 28 Chemistry 62 22 17 Medicine 37 31 32 Literature 98 4 - Peace 61 28 1 Economics 22 15 4 Total number: 327 128 82 Why is that? In the statutes of the Nobel Foundation it says: "A prize amount may be equally divided between two works, each of which is considered to merit a prize. If a work that is being rewarded has been produced by two or three persons, the prize shall be awarded to them jointly. In no case may a prize amount be divided between more than three persons." [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Only 41 Nobel Prizes to women! 41 Nobel Prizes and Prizes in Economic Sciences have been awarded to women and 765 to men between 1901 and 2009. A small number of Laureates have been honoured more than once, which makes a total of 40 females and 762 males who have received the Nobel Prize. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Women Nobel Laureates The Nobel Prize and Prize in Economic Sciences have been awarded to women 41 times between 1901 and 2009. Only one woman, Marie Curie, has been honoured twice, with the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics and the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This means that 40 women in total have been awarded the Nobel Prize between 1901 and 2009. * Physics * 1903 - Marie Curie * 1963 - Maria Goeppert-Mayer * Chemistry * 1911 - Marie Curie * 1935 - Irène Joliot-Curie * 1964 - Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin * 2009 - Ada E. Yonath * Physiology or Medicine * 1947 - Gerty Cori * 1977 - Rosalyn Yalow * 1983 - Barbara McClintock * 1986 - Rita Levi-Montalcini * 1988 - Gertrude B. Elion * 1995 - Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard * 2004 - Linda B. Buck * 2008 - Françoise Barré-Sinoussi * 2009 - Elizabeth H. Blackburn * 2009 - Carol W. Greider * Literature * 1909 - Selma Lagerlöf * 1926 - Grazia Deledda * 1928 - Sigrid Undset * 1938 - Pearl Buck * 1945 - Gabriela Mistral * 1966 - Nelly Sachs * 1991 - Nadine Gordimer * 1993 - Toni Morrison * 1996 - Wislawa Szymborska * 2004 - Elfriede Jelinek * 2007 - Doris Lessing * 2009 - Herta Müller * Peace * 1905 - Bertha von Suttner * 1931 - Jane Addams * 1946 - Emily Greene Balch * 1976 - Betty Williams * 1976 - Mairead Corrigan * 1979 - Mother Teresa * 1982 - Alva Myrdal * 1991 - Aung San Suu Kyi * 1992 - Rigoberta Menchú Tum * 1997 - Jody Williams * 2003 - Shirin Ebadi * 2004 - Wangari Maathai * Economic Sciences * 2009 - Elinor Ostrom [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] The youngest Nobel Laureate To date, the youngest Laureate is Lawrence Bragg, who was just 25 years old when he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his father in 1915. Youngest Nobel Laureates in their respective Nobel Prize areas Category Name Year of Award Age of Nobel Laureate Physics William Lawrence Bragg 1915 25 Chemistry Frédéric Joliot 1935 35 Physiology or Medicine Frederick Banting 1923 32 Literature Rudyard Kipling 1907 42 Peace Mairead Corrigan 1976 32 Economic Sciences Kenneth J. Arrow 1972 51 [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] The oldest Nobel Laureate The oldest Laureate to date is Leonid Hurwicz, who was 90 years old when he was awarded the 2007 Prize in Economic Sciences. The oldest Nobel Laureates at the time of the award, 10 December each year. Age Name Category/Year Date of birth 90 Leonid Hurwicz Economic Sciences 2007 21 August 1917 88 Raymond Davis Jr. Physics 2002 14 October 1914 88 Doris Lessing Literature 2007 22 October 1919 87 Yoichiro Nambu Physics 2008 18 January 1921 87 Vitaly L. Ginzburg Physics 2003 4 October 1916 87 Peyton Rous Medicine 1966 5 October 1879 87 Joseph Rotblat Peace 1995 4 November 1908 87 Karl von Frisch Medicine 1973 20 November 1886 85 Ferdinand Buisson Peace 1927 20 December 1841 85 John B. Fenn Chemistry 2002 15 June 1917 85 Theodor Mommsen Literature 1902 30 November 1817 85 Willard S. Boyle Physics 2009 19 August 1929 [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Oldest Living Nobel Laureate The Nobel Laureate who has lived to the oldest age is Rita Levi-Montalcini, who was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. She celebrated her 100th anniversary on 22 April 2009! [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Two Nobel Laureates have declined the Nobel Prize! Jean-Paul Sartre, awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature, declined the prize because he had consistently declined all official honours. Le Duc Tho, awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize jointly with US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. They were awarded the Prize for negotiating the Vietnam peace accord. Le Doc Tho said that he was not in a position to accept the Prize, citing the situation in Vietnam as his reason. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Four Nobel Laureates have been forced by authorities to decline the Nobel Prize! Adolf Hitler forbade three German Nobel Laureates, Richard Kuhn, Adolf Butenandt and Gerhard Domagk, from accepting the Nobel Prize. All of them could later receive the Nobel Prize Diploma and Medal, but not the prize amount.. Boris Pasternak, the 1958 Nobel Laureate in Literature, initially accepted the Prize but was later coerced by the authorities of the Soviet Union, his native country, to decline the Prize. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Multiple Nobel Laureates The work of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has been honoured by a Nobel Peace Prize three times. Besides, the founder of the ICRC, Henry Dunant, was awarded the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901. Linus Pauling is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes - the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] J. Bardeen Physics 1956 Physics 1972 [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] M. Curie Physics 1903 Chemistry 1911 [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] L. Pauling Chemistry 1954 Peace 1962 [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] F. Sanger Chemistry 1958 Chemistry 1980 [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] "Family Nobel Laureates" As you may notice, the Curies were a very successful 'Nobel Prize family'. Marie Curie herself was awarded two Nobel Prizes. Married Couples Married Couples Marie Curie Pierre Curie Irène Joliot-Curie Frédéric Joliot Gerty Cori Carl Cori Alva Myrdal Gunnar Myrdal Mother & Daughter Marie Curie Irène Joliot-Curie Father & Daughter Pierre Curie Irène Joliot-Curie Father & Son William Bragg Lawrence Bragg Niels Bohr Aage N. Bohr Hans von Euler-Chelpin Ulf von Euler Arthur Kornberg Roger D. Kornberg Manne Siegbahn Kai M. Siegbahn J. J. Thomson George Paget Thomson Brothers Jan Tinbergen Nikolaas Tinbergen .

[Iron Man]

. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Alfred Nobel - The Man Behind the Nobel Prize Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize. But who was Alfred Nobel? Articles, photographs, a slide show and poetry written by Nobel himself are presented here to give a glimpse of a man whose varied interests are reflected in the prize he established. Meet Alfred Nobel - scientist, inventor, entrepreneur, author and pacifist. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] The Nobel Prize Awarders Who selects the Nobel Laureates? In his last will and testament, Alfred Nobel specifically designated the institutions responsible for the prizes he wished to be established: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the Nobel Prize in Physics and Chemistry, Karolinska Institute for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, the Swedish Academy for the Nobel Prize in Literature, and a Committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Parliament (Storting) for the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1968, the Sveriges Riksbank established the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economics in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences was given the task to select the Economics Prize Laureates starting in 1969. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Nomination for the Nobel Prizes Each year the respective Nobel Committees send individual invitations to thousands of members of academies, university professors, scientists from numerous countries, previous Nobel Laureates, members of parliamentary assemblies and others, asking them to submit candidates for the Nobel Prizes for the coming year. These nominators are chosen in such a way that as many countries and universities as possible are represented over time. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies The Nobel Laureates take center stage in Stockholm on 10 December when they receive the Nobel Prize Medal, Nobel Prize Diploma and ×××××××× confirming the Nobel Prize amount from King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. In Oslo, the Nobel Peace Prize Laureates receive their Nobel Peace Prize from the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in the presence of King Harald V of Norway. An important part is the presentation of the Nobel Lectures by the Nobel Laureates. In Stockholm, the lectures are presented days before the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony. In Oslo, the Nobel Laureates deliver their lectures during the Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes, the Nobel Prizes. As described in Nobel's will, one part was dedicated to “the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine”. Learn more about the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine from 1901-2009. Number of Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine 100 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded since 1901. It was not awarded on nine occasions: in 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1925, 1940, 1941 and 1942. Why were the Prizes not awarded in those years? In the statutes of the Nobel Foundation it says: "If none of the works under consideration is found to be of the importance indicated in the first paragraph, the prize money shall be reserved until the following year. If, even then, the prize cannot be awarded, the amount shall be added to the Foundation's restricted funds." During World War I and II, no prizes were awarded. Number of Shared and Unshared Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine 37 Medicine Prizes have been given to one Laureate only. 31 Medicine Prizes have been shared by two Laureates. 30 Medicine Prizes have been shared between three Laureates. Why is that? In the statutes of the Nobel Foundation it says: A prize amount may be equally divided between two works, each of which is considered to merit a prize. If a work that is being rewarded has been produced by two or three persons, the prize shall be awarded to them jointly. In no case may a prize amount be divided between more than three persons. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Youngest Medicine Laureate To date, the youngest Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine is Frederick G. Banting, who was 32 years old when he was awarded the Prize in 1923. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Oldest Medicine Laureate The oldest Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine to date is Peyton Rous, who was 87 years old when he was awarded the Prize in 1966. Women Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine Of the 195 individuals awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, only ten are women. Of these eight, Barabara McClintock is the only one who has received an unshared Nobel Prize. 1947 - Gerty Cori 1977 - Rosalyn Yalow 1983 - Barbara McClintock 1986 - Rita Levi-Montalcini 1988 - Gertrude B. Elion 1995 - Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard 2004 - Linda B. Buck 2008 - Françoise Barré-Sinoussi 2009 - Elizabeth H. Blackburn and Carol W. Greider List of all 40 women Nobel Laureates » [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Oldest Living Nobel Laureate The Nobel Laureate who has lived to the oldest age is Rita Levi-Montalcini, who was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. She celebrated her 100th anniversary on 22 April 2009! [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Posthumous Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine There have been no posthumous Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine. From 1974, the Statutes of the Nobel Foundation stipulate that a Prize cannot be awarded posthumously, unless death has occurred after the announcement of the Nobel Prize. Before 1974, the Nobel Prize has only been awarded posthumously twice: to Dag Hammarskjöld (Nobel Peace Prize 1961) and Erik Axel Karlfeldt (Nobel Prize in Literature 1931). Family Nobel Laureates in Medicine Married couple: Gerty Cori and Carl Cori, both awarded the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Father & son: Hans von Euler-Chelpin (Chemistry Prize) and Ulf von Euler (Medicine Prize) Arthur Kornberg (Medicine Prize) and Roger D. Kornberg (Chemistry Prize) Brothers: Jan Tinbergen (Economics Prize) and Nikolaas Tinbergen (Medicine Prize) One Nobel Laureate in Medicine has been forced by authorities to decline the Nobel Prize Adolf Hitler forbade three German Nobel Laureates from accepting the Nobel Prize, including Gerhard Domagk, who was awarded the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The other two Laureates were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Richard Kuhn in 1938 and Adolf Butenandt in 1939. All of them could later receive the Nobel Prize Diploma and Medal, but not the prize amount. .

[Iron Man]

. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physics On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes, the Nobel Prizes. As described in Nobel's will, one part was dedicated to “the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics”. Learn more about the Nobel Prize in Physics from 1901-2009. Number of Nobel Prizes in Physics 103 Nobel Prizes in Physics have been awarded since 1901. It was not awarded on six occasions: in 1916, 1931, 1934, 1940, 1941, and 1942. Why were the Prizes not awarded in those years? In the statutes of the Nobel Foundation it says: "If none of the works under consideration is found to be of the importance indicated in the first paragraph, the prize money shall be reserved until the following year. If, even then, the prize cannot be awarded, the amount shall be added to the Foundation's restricted funds." During World War I and II, no prizes were awarded. Number of shared and unshared Nobel Prizes in Physics 47 Physics Prizes have been given to one Laureate only. 28 Physics Prizes have been shared by two Laureates. 28 Physics Prizes have been shared between three Laureates. Why is that? In the statutes of the Nobel Foundation it says: "A prize amount may be equally divided between two works, each of which is considered to merit a prize. If a work that is being rewarded has been produced by two or three persons, the prize shall be awarded to them jointly. In no case may a prize amount be divided between more than three persons." [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Number of Nobel Laureates in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to 187 Laureates. As John Bardeen has been awarded twice there are 186 individuals who have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics since 1901. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Youngest Physics Laureate To date, the youngest Nobel Laureate in Physics is Lawrence Bragg, who was 25 years old when he was awarded the Prize with his father in 1915. Bragg is not only the youngest Physics Laureate, he is also the youngest Nobel Laureate in any Prize area. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Oldest Physics Laureate The oldest Nobel Laureate in Physics to date is Raymond Davis Jr., who was 88 years old when he was awarded the Prize in 2002. Women Nobel Laureates in Physics Of the 186 individuals awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, only two are women. 1903 - Marie Curie (also awarded the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.) 1963 - Maria Goeppert-Mayer [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Posthumous Nobel Prizes in Physics There have been no posthumous Nobel Prizes in Physics. From 1974, the Statutes of the Nobel Foundation stipulate that a Prize cannot be awarded posthumously, unless death has occurred after the announcement of the Nobel Prize. Before 1974, the Nobel Prize has only been awarded posthumously twice: to Dag Hammarskjöld (Nobel Peace Prize 1961) and Erik Axel Karlfeldt (Nobel Prize in Literature 1931). [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Facts on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes, the Nobel Prizes. As described in Nobel's will one part was dedicated to “the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement”. Learn more about the Nobel Prize in Chemistry from 1901-2009. Number of Nobel Prizes in Chemistry 101 Nobel Prizes in Chemistry have been awarded since 1901. It was not awarded on eight occasions: in 1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940, 1941 and 1942. Why were the Prizes not awarded in those years? In the statutes of the Nobel Foundation it says: "If none of the works under consideration is found to be of the importance indicated in the first paragraph, the prize money shall be reserved until the following year. If, even then, the prize cannot be awarded, the amount shall be added to the Foundation's restricted funds." During World War I and II, no prizes were awarded. Number of shared and unshared Nobel Prizes in Chemistry 62 Chemistry Prizes have been given to one Laureate only. 22 Chemistry Prizes have been shared by two Laureates. 17 Chemistry Prizes have been shared between three Laureates. Why is that? In the statutes of the Nobel Foundation it says: "A prize amount may be equally divided between two works, each of which is considered to merit a prize. If a work that is being rewarded has been produced by two or three persons, the prize shall be awarded to them jointly. In no case may a prize amount be divided between more than three persons." Number of Nobel Laureates in Chemistry The Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to 157 Laureates. As Frederick Sanger has been awarded twice, there are 156 individuals who have received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry since 1901. Youngest Chemistry Laureate [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] To date, the youngest Nobel Laureate in Chemistry is Frédéric Joliot, who was 35 years old when he was awarded the Prize in 1935, together with his wife, Irène Joliot-Curie. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Oldest Chemistry Laureate The oldest Nobel Laureate in Chemistry to date is John B. Fenn, who was 85 years old when he was awarded the Prize in 2002. Female Nobel Laureates in Chemistry Of the 156 individuals awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, only four are women. Two of these four women, Marie Curie and Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, were awarded with unshared Prizes. 1911 - Marie Curie (also awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics) 1935 - Irène Joliot-Curie (daughter of Marie Curie and wife to Frédéric Joliot) 1964 - Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 2009 - Ada Yonath Two Nobel Laureates in Chemistry have been forced by authorities to decline the Nobel Prize Adolf Hitler forbade three German Nobel Laureates from receiving the Nobel Prize - two of whom were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Richard Kuhn in 1938 and Adolf Butenandt in 1939. The third person, Gerhard Domagk was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1939. All of them could receive the Nobel Prize Diploma and Medal later, but not the prize amount. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Facts on the Nobel Prize in Literature On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes, the Nobel Prizes. As described in Nobel's will one part was dedicated to “the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction”. Learn more about the Nobel Prize in Literature from 1901-2009. Number of Nobel Prizes in Literature 102 Nobel Prizes in Literature have been awarded since 1901. It was not awarded on seven occasions: in 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, and 1943. Why were the Prizes not awarded in those years? In the statutes of the Nobel Foundation it says: "If none of the works under consideration is found to be of the importance indicated in the first paragraph, the prize money shall be reserved until the following year. If, even then, the prize cannot be awarded, the amount shall be added to the Foundation's restricted funds." During World War I and II, no Prizes were awarded. Number of shared and unshared Nobel Prizes in Literature The Nobel Prize in Literature has been shared between two individuals on four occasions only. This is a more common phenomenon within the other Prize areas. 1904 - Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray 1917 - Karl Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan 1966 - Shmuel Agnon, Nelly Sachs 1974 - Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson Youngest Literature Laureate [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] To date, the youngest Literature Laureate is Rudyard Kipling, best known for The Jungle Book, who was 42 years old when he was awarded the Prize in 1907. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Oldest Literature Laureate The oldest Nobel Laureate in Literature to date is Doris Lessing, who was 88 years old when she was awarded the Prize in 2007. Female Nobel Laureates in Literature 12 women have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Swedish author Selma Lagerlöf (1858-1940) was the first woman to be awarded in 1909. Selma Lagerlöf was awarded five years before she was elected to the Swedish Academy, the Nobel Prize-Awarding Institution responsible for selecting Nobel Laureates in Literature. 1909 - Selma Lagerlöf 1926 - Grazia Deledda 1928 - Sigrid Undset 1938 - Pearl Buck 1945 - Gabriela Mistral 1966 - Nelly Sachs 1991 - Nadine Gordimer 1993 - Toni Morrison 1996 - Wislawa Szymborska 2004 - Elfriede Jelinek 2007 - Doris Lessing 2009 - Herta Müller Two people have declined the Nobel Prize in Literature Boris Pasternak, the 1958 Nobel Prize in Literature, "Accepted first, later caused by the authorities of his country (Soviet Union) to decline the Prize". Jean Paul Sartre, the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature, declined the Prize because he had consistently declined all official honours. Posthumous Nobel Prizes in Literature In 1931, the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded posthumously to Erik Axel Karlfeldt. From 1974, the Statutes of the Nobel Foundation stipulate that a Prize cannot be awarded posthumously, unless death has occurred after the announcement of the Nobel Prize. Dag Hammarskjöld was also awarded a posthumous Nobel Peace Prize in 1961. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Awarded members of the Swedish Academy One particular problem faced during the nomination and selection process for the Nobel Prize in Literature is how to deal with candidates who are members of the Swedish Academy, the Nobel Prize-Awarding Institution responsible for selecting Nobel Laureates in Literature. All six Swedish Nobel Laureates in Literature were members of the Swedish Academy. In virtually every case it appears that they have declined nomination and a routine has been established, were they are not subjected to the appraisal of either an expert or the Nobel Committee for Literature. Read more about the process of nomination and selection of Literature Laureates » Selma Lagerlöf became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1914 after she was awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize in Literature Verner von Heidenstam (1916 Nobel Prize in Literature), was a member of the Swedish Academy 1912-1940. Erik Axel Karlfeldt (1931 Nobel Prize in Literature), was a member of the Swedish Academy 1904-1931. Karlfeldt was awarded posthumously. Pär Lagerkvist (1951 Nobel Prize in Literature), was a member of the Swedish Academy 1949-1974. Harry Martinson and Eyvind Johnson (1974 Nobel Prize in Literature), were members of the Swedish Academy - Martinson 1949-1978 and Johnson 1957-1976. Surprise Literature Laureate? Many believe that Winston Churchill was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, but he was actually awarded the 1953 Nobel Prize in Literature. In fact, Churchill was nominated both for Literature and for the Nobel Peace Prize. Nominations – a well kept secret The nominations and the opinions written by the members of the Nobel Committee in Literature each year are kept secret for 50 years. Sully Prudhomme, Theodor Mommsen, Rudolf Eucken, Paul Heyse, Rabinranath Tagore, Sinclair Lewis, Luigi Pirandello, Pearl Buck, Bertrand Russell and William Faulkner are some of the authors who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature after being nominated in one year only. Who did Nobel Laureates in Literature nominate? The Swedish author August Strindberg (1849-1912) was nominated once in 1911 by Nathan Söderblom (but the nomination arrived too late and was retrieved). The Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was nominated for 12 years for the Nobel Prize in Medicine. In 1929, the Nobel Committee for Medicine engaged an expert who came to the conclusion that a further investigation in Freud was not necessary, since Freud's work was of no proven scientific value. What is less known, perhaps, is that Romain Rolland, Nobel Laureate in Literature 1915, and an acquaintance of Freud, nominated him for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1936. .

[Iron Man]

. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Facts on the Nobel Peace Prize On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes, the Nobel Prizes. As described in Nobel's will, one part was dedicated to "the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses". Learn more about the Nobel Peace Prize from 1901-2009. Number of Nobel Peace Prizes 90 Nobel Peace Prizes have been awarded since 1901. It was not awarded on 19 occasions: in 1914-1918, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1939- 1943, 1948, 1955-1956, 1966-1967 and 1972. Why were the Prizes not awarded in those years? In the statutes of the Nobel Foundation it says: "If none of the works under consideration is found to be of the importance indicated in the first paragraph, the prize money shall be reserved until the following year. If, even then, the prize cannot be awarded, the amount shall be added to the Foundation's restricted funds." During World War I and II, no prizes were awarded. Number of Shared and Unshared Nobel Peace Prizes 61 Peace Prizes have been given to one Laureate only. 28 Peace Prizes have been shared by two Laureates. 1 Peace Prizes has been shared between three persons. (Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin) Why is that? In the statutes of the Nobel Foundation it says: "A prize amount may be equally divided between two works, each of which is considered to merit a prize. If a work that is being rewarded has been produced by two or three persons, the prize shall be awarded to them jointly. In no case may a prize amount be divided between more than three persons." Number of Nobel Peace Prize Laureates The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to 120 Laureates - 97 times to individuals and 23 times to organizations. Since Comité International de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross) was awarded three times and Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was awarded twice there are 97 individuals and 20 organizations that have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Youngest Peace Laureate To date, the youngest Nobel Peace Prize Laureate is Mairead Corrigan, who was 32 years old when she was awarded the Prize in 1976. Nearly as young, at 33 years of age, were: 33 years-old Rigoberta Menchú Tum, (1992). 33 years-old Betty Williams, (1976, together with Mairead Corrigan). [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Oldest Peace Laureate The oldest Nobel Peace Prize Laureate to date is Joseph Rotblat, who was 87 years old when he was awarded the Prize in 1995. Female Nobel Peace Prize Laureates Of the 97 individuals awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, 12 are women. The first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901 was awarded to a woman, Bertha von Suttner. 1905 - Bertha von Suttner 1931 - Jane Addams 1946 - Emily Greene Balch 1976 - Betty Williams 1976 - Mairead Corrigan 1979 - Mother Teresa 1982 - Alva Myrdal 1991 - Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 - Rigoberta Menchú Tum 1997 - Jody Williams 2003 - Shirin Ebadi 2004 - Wangari Maathai Multiple Nobel Peace Prize Laureates The work of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has been honoured the most - three times - by a Nobel Peace Prize. In addition, the founder of the ICRC, Henry Dunant, was awarded the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901. One Peace Laureate has Declined the Nobel Peace Prize The Vietnamese politician Le Duc Tho, awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize jointly with US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, is the only person who has declined the Nobel Peace Prize. They were both awarded the Prize for negotiating the Vietnam peace accord. Le Doc Tho said that he was not in a position to accept the Prize, citing the situation in Vietnam as his reason. The Vietnam Conflict (1959-1975), was fought between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the United States-supported Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The Southern and American forces were defeated and the war ended with unification of Vietnam under the communist government of the North. Read the Presentation Speech by the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee on the day of the award, 10 December, 1973 » Posthumous Nobel Peace Prizes There is one posthumous Nobel Peace Prize, to Dag Hammarskjöld in 1961. From 1974, the Statutes of the Nobel Foundation stipulate that a Prize cannot be awarded posthumously, unless death has occurred after the announcement of the Nobel Prize. Before 1974, the Nobel Prize was also awarded posthumously to Erik Axel Karlfeldt (Nobel Prize in Literature 1931). Surprise Laureate? Many believe that Winston Churchill was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, but he was actually awarded the 1953 Nobel Prize in Literature. In fact, Churchill was nominated both for the Literature and for the Nobel Peace Prize. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Number of nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2009 Every year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee sends out thousands of letters inviting a qualified and select number of people to submit their nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. The names of the nominees cannot be revealed until 50 years later, but the Nobel Peace Prize committee does reveal the number of nominees each year. 205 names were submitted for the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize, 33 of which are organizations. The Nobel Committees in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and the Prize Committee for Economics each usually receives 250-300 names every year, but this is the highest number of nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize ever. The last record was in 2005 when the Committee received 199 nominations. Nobel Peace Prizes and Nominations in 100 years The 109 awarded organizations and individuals over the first one hundred years of the Nobel Peace Prize (1901-2001), and the 4857 nominees, can be distributed geographically and by organization as shown below: [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Examples of nominated individuals who did not receive the Nobel Peace Prize (1901-1950) The three most common searches on individuals in the Nobel Peace Prize nomination database, are Adolf Hitler, Mahatma Gandhi and Joseph Stalin. Joseph Stalin, the Secretary General of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922-1953), was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 and 1948 for his efforts to end World War II. Mahatma Gandhi, one of the strongest symbols of non-violence in the 20th century, was nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947 and, finally, shortly before he was assassinated in January 1948. Although Gandhi was not awarded the Prize (a posthumous award is not allowed by the statutes), the Norwegian Nobel Committee decided to make no award that year on the grounds that "there was no suitable living candidate". Adolf Hitler, was nominated once in 1939 by E.G.C. Brandt, member of the Swedish parliament. Brandt changed his mind, however, and the nomination was withdrawn in a letter dated 1 February 1939. Other statesmen and national leaders who were nominated but not awarded the Nobel Peace Prize: Czechoslovakia: Thomas G. Masaryk, Edvard Benes, Great Britain: Neville Chamberlain, Anthony Eden, Clement Attlee, Ramsay MacDonald, Winston Churchill USA: the presidents William Howard Taft, Warren G. Harding, Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman & Dwight D. Eisenhover; the foreign ministers Charles Hughes, John Foster Dulles France: Pierre Mendès-France Western Germany: Konrad Adenauer Argentina: Juan and Eva Peron India: Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru Finland: Juho Kusti Paasikivi Italy: Benito Mussolini Artists nominated but not awarded the Peace Prize: Leo Tolstoy (Russian author), E.M. Remarque (German author), Pablo Casals (Spanish Catalan cellist and later conductor), Nicholas Roerich Nominees not primarily known for their peace work: John Maynard Keynes (British economist) Pierre de Coubertin (French pedagogue and historian best known for founding the International Olympic Committee) Lord Baden-Powell (Lieutenant-General in the British Army, writer, founder of the Scout Movement) Maria Montessori (best known for her philosophy and method of educating children from birth to adolescence. Her educational method is still in use today in a number of public as well as private schools throughout the world) Royal nominees: Tsar Nikolai II (1901), Prince Carl of Sweden (1919), King Albert I of Belgium (1922), Emperor Haile Selassi of Ethiopia (1938), King Paul I of Greece (1950), Princess Wilhelmina of the Netherlands (1951) How many times can someone be nominated? Jane Addams was nominated 91 times between 1916 and 1931, when she was finally awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. By contrast Emily Green Balch, Fridtjof Nansen and Theodore Roosevelt received the Nobel Peace Prize the first year that they were nominated. Why a Norwegian Nobel Committee for the Nobel Peace Prize? All Nobel Prizes are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden, except for the Nobel Peace Prize, which is awarded in Oslo, Norway. The founder of the Nobel Prize, Alfred Nobel, was a Swedish cosmopolitan. In his will, he declared that the Nobel Peace Prize should be awarded by a Norwegian committee. When Alfred Nobel was alive, Norway and Sweden were united under one monarch, until 1905 when Norway became an independent kingdom. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Facts on the Prize in Economic Sciences In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established this Prize in memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize. Here are some facts and figures regarding The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, awarded from 1969-2009. Number of Prizes in Economic Sciences 41 Prizes in Economic Sciences have been awarded every year since 1969. 22 Prizes in Economic Sciences have been given to one Laureate only. 15 Prizes in Economic Sciences have been shared by two Laureates. 4 Prizes in Economic Sciences have been shared between three Laureates. Number of Laureates in Economic Sciences 64 individuals have been awarded since 1969. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Youngest Laureate in Economic Sciences To date, the youngest Laureate in Economic Sciences is Kenneth J. Arrow, who was 51 years old when he was awarded in 1972. [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Oldest Laureate in Economic Sciences The oldest Laureate in Economic Sciences to date is Leonid Hurwicz, who was 90 years old when he was awarded in 2007. He is also the oldest Laureate to be awarded the Nobel Prize in all Prize areas. Female Laureates in Economic Sciences Elinor Ostrom is the first female Laureate in Economic Sciences. Elinor Ostrom was awarded the Prize in 2009. Posthumous Prizes in Economic Sciences There have been no posthumous Prizes in Economic Sciences. From 1974, the Statutes of the Nobel Foundation stipulate that a Prize cannot be awarded posthumously, unless death has occurred after the announcement of the Prize. Before 1974, the Nobel Prize has only been awarded posthumously twice: to Dag Hammarskjöld (Nobel Peace Prize 1961) and Erik Axel Karlfeldt (Nobel Prize in Literature 1931) Family Laureates in Economic Sciences Brothers: Jan Tinbergen (Economic Sciences in 1969) and Nikolaas Tinbergen (Physiology or Medicine in 1973) Nomination Facts [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Nominations for 2009 205 names were submitted for the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize, 33 of which are organizations. The Nobel Committees in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and the Prize Committee for Economics each usually receives 250-300 names every year, but this is the highest number of nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize ever. The last record was in 2005 when the Committee received 199 nominations. The names of the nominees cannot be revealed until 50 years later. Was Stalin ever nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize? Joseph Stalin, the Secretary General of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922-1953), was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 and 1948 for his efforts to end World War II. Jane Addams was nominated 91 times between 1916 and 1931, when she was finally awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. By contrast Emily Green Balch, Fridtjof Nansen and Theodore Roosevelt received the Nobel Peace Prize the first year they were nominated. Search the Nomination Database for the Nobel Peace Prize, 1901-1955. » Are three nominations enough to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine? Frederick G. Banting and John Macleod were awarded the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine the first year they were nominated (with three nominations) for their discovery of insulin. By contrast, Robert Koch was nominated 55 times over 4 years before he received the Prize in 1905 for his discoveries concerning tuberculosis. The "missing Nobel Laureate" Mahatma Gandhi was never awarded the Nobel Prize. The strongest symbol of non-violence in the 20th century never received the Nobel Peace Prize despite several nominations (12 nominations between 1937 and 1948.) Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) has become the strongest symbol of non-violence in the 20th century. It is widely held – in retrospect – that the Indian national leader should have been the very man to be selected for the Nobel Peace Prize. He was nominated several times, but was never awarded the prize. Why? These questions have been asked frequently: Was the horizon of the Norwegian Nobel Committee too narrow? Were the committee members unable to appreciate the struggle for freedom among non-European peoples?" Or were the Norwegian committee members perhaps afraid to make a prize award which might be detrimental to the relationship between their own country and Great Britain? [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] When still alive, Mohandas Gandhi had many admirers, both in India and abroad. But his martyrdom in 1948 made him an even greater symbol of peace. Twenty-one years later, he was commemorated on this double-sized United Kingdom postage stamp. Photo: Copyright © Scanpix Gandhi was nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947 and, finally, a few days before he was murdered in January 1948. The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee; when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi". However, the committee has never commented on the speculations as to why Gandhi was not awarded the prize, and until recently the sources which might shed some light on the matter were unavailable. Mahatma Gandhi – Who Was He? Mohandas Karamchand – known as Mahatma or "Great-Souled" – Gandhi was born in Porbandar, the capital of a small principality in what is today the state of Gujarat in Western India, where his father was prime minister. His mother was a profoundly religious Hindu. She and the rest of the Gandhi family belonged to a branch of Hinduism in which non-violence and tolerance between religious groups were considered very important. His family background has later been seen as a very important explanation of why Mohandas Gandhi was able to achieve the position he held in Indian society. In the second half of the 1880s, Mohandas went to London where he studied law. After having finished his studies, he first went back to India to work as a barrister, and then, in 1893, to Natal in South Africa, where he was employed by an Indian trading company. In South Africa Gandhi worked to improve living conditions for the Indian minority. This work, which was especially directed against increasingly racist legislation, made him develop a strong Indian and religious commitment, and a will to self-sacrifice. With a great deal of success he introduced a method of non-violence in the Indian struggle for basic human rights. The method, satyagraha – "truth force" – was highly idealistic; without rejecting the rule of law as a principle, the Indians should break those laws which were unreasonable or suppressive. Each individual would have to accept punishment for having violated the law. However, he should, calmly, yet with determination, reject the legitimacy of the law in question. This would, hopefully, make the adversaries – first the South African authorities, later the British in India – recognise the unlawfulness of their legislation. When Gandhi came back to India in 1915, news of his achievements in South Africa had already spread to his home country. In only a few years, during the First World War, he became a leading figure in the Indian National Congress. Through the interwar period he initiated a series of non-violent campaigns against the British authorities. At the same time he made strong efforts to unite the Indian Hindus, Muslims and Christians, and struggled for the emancipation of the 'untouchables' in Hindu society. While many of his fellow Indian nationalists preferred the use of non-violent methods against the British primarily for tactical reasons, Gandhi's non-violence was a matter of principle. His firmness on that point made people respect him regardless of their attitude towards Indian nationalism or religion. Even the British judges who sentenced him to imprisonment recognised Gandhi as an exceptional personality. The First Nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize Among those who strongly admired Gandhi were the members of a network of pro-Gandhi "Friends of India" associations which had been established in Europe and the USA in the early 1930s. The Friends of India represented different lines of thought. The religious among them admired Gandhi for his piety. Others, anti-militarists and political radicals, were sympathetic to his philosophy of non-violence and supported him as an opponent of imperialism. In 1937 a member of the Norwegian Storting (Parliament), Ole Colbjørnsen (Labour Party), nominated Gandhi for that year's Nobel Peace Prize, and he was duly selected as one of thirteen candidates on the Norwegian Nobel Committee's short list. Colbjørnsen did not himself write the motivation for Gandhi’s nomination; it was written by leading women of the Norwegian branch of "Friends of India", and its wording was of course as positive as could be expected. Gandhi [فقط الأعضاء المسجلين والمفعلين يمكنهم رؤية الوصلات . إضغط هنا للتسجيل] An ordinary politician or a Christ? In this photo Gandhi listens to Muslims during the height of the warfare which followed the partition of India in 1947. Photo: Copyright © Scanpix The committee's adviser, professor Jacob Worm-Müller, who wrote a report on Gandhi, was much more critical. On the one hand, he fully understood the general admiration for Gandhi as a person: "He is, undoubtedly, a good, noble and ascetic person – a prominent man who is deservedly honoured and loved by the masses of India." On the other hand, when considering Gandhi as a political leader, the Norwegian professor's description was less favourable. There are, he wrote, "sharp turns in his policies, which can hardly be satisfactorily explained by his followers. (...) He is a freedom fighter and a dictator, an idealist and a nationalist. He is frequently a Christ, but then, suddenly, an ordinary politician." Gandhi had many critics in the international peace movement. The Nobel Committee adviser referred to these critics in maintaining that he was not consistently pacifist, that he should have known that some of his non-violent campaigns towards the British would degenerate into violence and terror. This was something that had happened during the first Non-Cooperation Campaign in 1920-1921, e.g. when a crowd in Chauri Chaura, the United Provinces, attacked a police station, killed many of the policemen and then set fire to the police station. A frequent criticism from non-Indians was also that Gandhi was too much of an Indian nationalist. In his report, Professor Worm-Müller expressed his own doubts as to whether Gandhi's ideals were meant to be universal or primarily Indian: "One might say that it is significant that his well-known struggle in South Africa was on behalf of the Indians only, and not of the blacks whose living conditions were even worse." The name of the 1937 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate was to be Lord Cecil of Chelwood. We do not know whether the Norwegian Nobel Committee seriously considered awarding the Peace Prize to Gandhi that year, but it seems rather unlikely. Ole Colbjørnsen renominated him both in 1938 and in 1939, but ten years were to pass before Gandhi made the committee's short list again. 1947: Victory and Defeat In 1947 the nominations of Gandhi came by telegram from India, via the Norwegian Foreign Office. The nominators were B.G. Kher, Prime Minister of Bombay, Govindh Bhallabh Panth, Premier of United Provinces, and Mavalankar, the President of the Indian Legislative Assembly. Their arguments in support of his candidacy were written in telegram style, like the one from Govind Bhallabh Panth: "Recommend for this year Nobel Prize Mahatma Gandhi architect of the Indian nation the greatest living exponent of the moral order and the most effective champion of world peace today." There were to be six names on the Nobel Committee's short list, Mohandas Gandhi was one of them. The Nobel Committee's adviser, the historian Jens Arup Seip, wrote a new report which is primarily an account of Gandhi's role in Indian political history after 1937. "The following ten years," Seip wrote, "from 1937 up to 1947, led to the event which for Gandhi and his movement was at the same time the greatest victory and the worst defeat – India's independence and India's partition." The report describes how Gandhi acted in the three different, but mutually related conflicts which the Indian National Congress had to handle in the last decade before independence: the struggle between the Indians and the British; the question of India's participation in the Second World War; and, finally, the conflict between Hindu and Muslim communities. In all these matters, Gandhi had consistently followed his own principles of non-violence. The Seip report was not critical towards Gandhi in the same way as the report written by Worm-Müller ten years earlier. It was rather favourable, yet not explicitly supportive. Seip also wrote briefly on the ongoing separation of India and the new Muslim state, Pakistan, and concluded – rather prematurely it would seem today: "It is generally considered, as expressed for example in The Times of 15 August 1947, that if 'the gigantic surgical operation' constituted by the partition of India, has not led to bloodshed of much larger dimensions, Gandhi's teachings, the efforts of his followers and his own presence, should get a substantial part of the credit." Why Was Gandhi Never Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize? Up to 1960, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded almost exclusively to Europeans and Americans. In retrospect, the horizon of the Norwegian Nobel Committee may seem too narrow. Gandhi was very different from earlier Laureates. He was no real politician or proponent of international law, not primarily a humanitarian relief worker and not an organiser of international peace congresses. He would have belonged to a new breed of Laureates. There is no hint in the archives that the Norwegian Nobel Committee ever took into consideration the possibility of an adverse British reaction to an award to Gandhi. Thus it seems that the hypothesis that the Committee's omission of Gandhi was due to its members' not wanting to provoke British authorities, may be rejected. In 1947 the conflict between India and Pakistan and Gandhi's prayer-meeting statement, which made people wonder whether he was about to abandon his consistent pacifism, seem to have been the primary reasons why he was not selected by the committee's majority. Unlike the situation today, there was no tradition for the Norwegian Nobel Committee to try to use the Peace Prize as a stimulus for peaceful settlement of regional conflicts. During the last months of his life, Gandhi worked hard to end the violence between Hindus and Muslims which followed the partition of India. We know little about the Norwegian Nobel Committee's discussions on Gandhi's candidature in 1948 – other than the above quoted entry of November 18 in Gunnar Jahn's diary – but it seems clear that they seriously considered a posthumous award. When the committee, for formal reasons, ended up not making such an award, they decided to reserve the prize, and then, one year later, not to spend the prize money for 1948 at all. What many thought should have been Mahatma Gandhi's place on the list of Laureates was silently but respectfully left open. .