!! Speed Learning Course _ Speak Spanish Confidently in 12 Days

[Iron Man]

.

The Spanish Language
Speed Learning Course


Speak Spanish Confidently … in 12 Days or Less!



TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction 5

DAY 1: 8
Getting Started with Greetings and Basic Expressions in Spanish

DAY 2: 12
Recognizing Letters and Sounds in the Spanish Alphabet

DAY 3: 16
Forming Spanish Nominal Words and Phrases
Gender-Specific Characteristic
Number-Specific Characteristic
Definite and Indefinite Articles
Learn More Spanish Nouns

DAY 4: 25
Getting Familiar with Spanish Pronouns
Subject Pronouns
Object Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Demonstratives

DAY 5: 29
Learn to Describe with Spanish Adjectives

DAY 6: 34
Making Longer and Complete Phrases with Prepositions

DAY 7: 36
Introduction to Spanish Verbs
AR Verbs
ER Verbs
IR Verbs
DAY 8: 43
Conjugating Verbs to Present Tense
Regular Forms
Irregular Forms
Ser vs. Estar
Present Progressive Form

DAY 9: 51
Conjugating Verbs to Past Tense
Regular Forms






Irregular Forms

DAY 10: 56
Conjugating Verbs to Future Tense
Regular Forms
Irregular Forms
Be-Going-To Form

DAY 11: 59
Forming Basic Spanish Sentences
Declarative Sentences
Interrogative Sentences
Imperative Sentences

DAY 12: 66
Familiarizing Situational Phrases
Asking for Directions
Giving Directions
At the Airport
Checking in at Hotels
Riding a Bus
Riding the Train
Hiring a Taxi
Hiring a Boat
Driving Cars
Shopping for Clothes
Shopping for Food
Dining Out and Ordering Food
Visiting the Beach
Doing Sports
Problems and Complaints
Dealing with Emergencies
Conclusion 75





INTRODUCTION
،Buenas dias!
Spanish is one of the most spoken languages in the world. It belongs to the Italic subfamily of the Indo-European language family, and is primarily spoken at the Iberian Peninsula and Latin America of about 250 million people. It is also called Castilian, which was derived from the dialect it came from. This language was brought and introduced by the Spaniards in Canary Island, Antilles, the Philippines, the southern part of North America, South America, and the coast of Africa.
The Standard Spanish language is being spoken at 43 countries, not including
Spain. Most of them consider it as their official language and use it for business, education, industry, politics, and everyday conversation.
This shows how widely popular the Spanish language is and how it will continue
to be for many years to come. Foreign language courses are already being offered at
different colleges and universities. Spanish training is always included in them. Students taking up such courses are continuously increasing in number. New books and training materials are being published and sold.
Aside from the possibility of having to deal with so many Spanish speakers in business or education, another reason to learn Spanish is that it is regarded as a romantic language, both in literature and everyday conversations.
This is the reason why a lot of movies and television programs nowadays use the language - to captivate and touch the hearts of millions of audiences. Imagine how many friends and loved ones you can impress with lines like Te amo (I love you) or Te quiero (I need you) and actually knowing how they came to be!



Whether you’re having a hard time coping up with Spanish in school, you’re dealing with many Spanish speakers in the office or business, or you simply like adding another entry on the “language spoken” part on your résumé, you have chosen the right report to help you learn the language by yourself.
With this report, you’ll be learning basic Spanish not within a whole year, not during one term in school, not even a month! You can learn how to speak Spanish confidently in just 12 days, or even less! Imagine that.
Common foreign language trainings usually bombard you with thousands of
words and phrases in their vocabulary. They let you memorize these words and phrases
until you get used to speaking them out - without really knowing how they became that
way.
How this book differs from those word factories is that it applies the linguistic
approach in training you to learn the language effectively. This means, as a foreign
language learner, you start by studying the letters and sounds of the language. From these sounds, you create words and phrases. As you gather up these words, you’ll be able to form sentences.
In the first few days of your training using this report, you’ll be concentrating on Spanish sounds. This is important as you will be encountering sounds that are not present in the English language, or sounds familiar to your native tongue but not used in the Spanish language.
Sounds are among the fundamentals of one language because all throughout your
language training, you’ll be using these sounds as you speak out words and form
sentences.



From the 3rd to the 10th day, you will be forming different kinds of Spanish words
and phrases. These words consist of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, prepositions, and verbs.
Among these basic parts of speech, more days will be given to the training of verbs as
they are the most important and complicated topic in learning the Spanish language. You
will be taught to conjugate different types of verbs according to tenses such as past,
present, and future.
Finally, as you approach the 11th day of our training, you’ll be able to compose
sentences in Spanish using the words and phrases you’ve learned. Recall that simple
sentences are actually composed of only a subject and a predicate, where a subject can be as simple as a pronoun, and a predicate can be composed of only a verb. Hence, excellent knowledge of word formation will help you a lot in forming sentences.
During your final day of training, you will be provided with some useful situational phrases you can use when you actually deal with Spanish culture, like when you visit Spanish countries or live with Spanish people.
Are you still unconvinced that you can learn the language in just 12 days? It’s always easier said than done. Nevertheless, if you really put your mind to it, and if you’re determined to achieve success, you can actually learn to speak Spanish in 1 day - if you choose to finish reading and comprehending the book today!
With faith and patience, nothing is impossible. In Spanish, nada es imposible. So, are you ready to speak Spanish?





DAY 1:
Getting Started with Greetings and Basic Expressions in Spanish
The first step to learning a new language is being familiar with its greetings and
most basic phrases. Listed below are everyday expressions in Spanish words, with
pronunciation guides, to help you enunciate them properly. Please be reminded that when
written, the Spanish language use both the inverted question mark (؟) and inverted
exclamation mark (،) at the beginning of every interrogative and exclamatory sentence,
respectively.
،Hola!
[oh-lah]
‘Hi, Hello’
،Hola! is the most basic Spanish expression in greeting other people. It means ‘hi’ or ‘hello’. It can be used both for people you know, and for those you don’t know to get them to notice you. This is also the phrase used when answering calls from the phone, followed by a good morning or good evening in Spanish.
Note: Spanish people do not pronounce the letter /h/, making it a silent letter, except when used in the /ch/ sound. Thus, the above expression should not be read [hohlah] but [oh-lah].
To Remember Easily: Change the common hello t o hallo. Interchange the position of the vowels /o/ and /a/ to make it holla, then eventually hola, without pronouncing the letter /h/.
،Buenos dias! ،Buenas tardes! ،Buenas noches!
[bwe-nos di-yahs] [bwe-nas tar-des] [bwe-nas noh-ches]
‘Good morning/day’ ‘Good afternoon’ ‘Good evening/night’



These are the daily or timely greetings in Spanish. Similar to English, they are composed of two words, namely bien which means ‘good’ and the Spanish words for morning, afternoon, and night.
To Remember Easily: Dias is ‘day(s)’ in Spanish (Note the change of /y/ to /i/
and the rearrangement of letters). Since daytime is usually associated with mornings, you
should not forget that ،Buenos Dias! is to be greeted to a person during the morning.
To associate the Spanish tardes with ‘afternoon,’ simply imagine the time of the day when you feel the laziest or, say, tardiest - during the afternoon! Now you know why you always feel like taking a short nap after lunch.
Using alliteration, a literary style where words beginning with the same consonant are placed together in a phrase or sentence, we can easily relate noches with its English translation meaning ‘night’ since they both start with the letter /n/.
؟Cَmo te llamas? ؟Cَmo se llama?
[ko-mo te lya-mas] [ko-mo se lya-mah]
‘What is your name?’ ‘What is your name?’ (Formal)
Literally, these phrases mean ‘How do you call yourself?’ The former is being used during informal or casual conversations, like when asking a lost kid what his name is, when meeting new acquaintances in school or organizations, or when getting to know a person younger or the same age as you are. The latter is being used during formal instances, like when talking to an elder or anybody with high societal and political positions like professors, mayor, or your friend’s mother. The literal translation of “What is your name in Spanish?” is…
؟Qué es tْ nombre?
[ke es tu nom-bre]
‘What is your name?’



If someone asks for your name using any of the above questions, you may also respond with various answers:
Yo soy [name]. Me llamo [name]. Mi nombre es [name].
[yo soy … ] [me lya-mo … ] [mi nom-bre es … ]
‘I am …’ ‘I am called …’ ‘My name is …’
Though there are variations when telling your name in Spanish, all are accepted
and are used to introduce yourself to other people. However, be reminded that the first
introduction is usually a response to the direct question ؟Quién eres tْ? or ‘Who are
you?’; the second introduction is the most common response among Spanish; and the
third introduction is used when giving emphasis to what your name is (i.e. My name is
[name1], not [name2]).
؟Qué tal? ؟Como estas?
[ke tal] [ko-mo es-tas]
‘What’s up?’ ‘How are you?’
Both expressions above are used for asking how another person is today, what he has been doing lately, how he is feeling, and the likes.
Note: When talking formally, use esta instead of estas in the latter expression. The topic on formality in the Spanish Language, especially on pronouns, will be discussed on Day 4.
(Muy) Bien (Muy) Mal
[(muy) byen] [(muy) mal]
‘(Very) Good’ ‘(Very) Bad’
Questions on knowing ‘how you are doing’ can be answered depending on how you are actually feeling during the moment you are asked. Hence, from the options above, you can reply with a good, a very good, a bad, or a very bad.



To Remember Easily: Know that muy is ‘much’ in English, literally. Hence, if something is much, extreme words like ‘very’ should be used to emphasize it. In this case, ‘very’ is translated as muy.
As we have already mentioned earlier, bien is ‘good;’ while mal is ‘bad.’ If you can’t relate the English word to its Spanish counterpart using creative thoughts, try associating the number of letters from one to another - both bien and ‘good’ has 4 letters, while both bad and ‘mal’ has 3 letters.
Por favor
[por fa-vor]
‘Please’
Por favor is the Spanish way of showing respect when asking a favor. It can be used either at the beginning of your sentence or at the end.
To Remember Easily: Don’t you usually say please when you ask por (for) a favor? 
Gracias De nada
[gra-thyas] [de na-dha]
‘Thank you’ ‘You’re welcome’ or
‘Don’t mention it’
To Remember Easily: Gracia, without /s/, is ‘grace’ or ‘blessing’ in English. Don’t you say thank you for all the gracia(s) you receive? De nada literally means ‘it’s nothing.’ When it’s nothing, you don’t have to mention it.
،Adiَs!
[a-dhyos]
‘Goodbye’
،Adios! or ‘goodbye’ is used when you bid farewell to somebody you know -
whether personally or through the telephone. It’s like wishing that God be with the other person as he continues his journey as a diَs literally means ‘to God.’

[Iron Man]

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DAY 2:
Recognizing Letters and Sounds in the Spanish Alphabet
As you are now familiar with the everyday greetings in Spanish, you can start
learning the Spanish alphabet. You must know how each letter is called, and the sound it
produces.
The Spanish alphabet is composed of 30 letters. However, Spanish sounds are more than the total number of letters, as there are instances that a letter is pronounced in various ways according to its position in a word.
In addition, each letter has a name different from the ABC’s of English. The table below will show you how each letter in Spanish is called, how each one of them is pronounced, and some examples for practice.
Alphabet Name Pronounce It! Examples
A a [ah] /ah/ as in English other, shut, son alto ‘tall’
[al-to]
B b [beh] /b/ as in English boy, about, crib bien ‘good’
[byen]

C c [theh] /k/ as in English cup, rocky, milk cuatro ‘four’
when followed by the vowels a, o, u [kwat-ro]

/th/ as in English thin, Catherine, math cinco ‘five’
when followed by the vowels e, I [thing-ko]

Ch ch [cheh] /ch/ as in English child, Richard, beach chica ‘girl’
[chi-ka]

D d [deh] /d/ as is English doll, idea, glad donde ‘where’
when used in the start of a word or syllable [don-de]
/th/ as is then, mother, breathe nada ‘nothing’
when placed in between vowels in a word [na-dha]

E e [eh] /eh/ as in English enter, let, said estado ‘state’
[es-ta-dho]







F f [eh-feh] /f/ as in English fan, raffle, wife falso ‘false’
[fal-so]

G g [keh] /g/ as in English gift, beagle, dog gordo ‘fat’
when followed by the vowels a, o, u [gor-do]

gargled /k/ as in German Bach when gente ‘person’
followed by the vowels e, I [khen-te]

H h [ah-cheh] the letter h is not pronounced in Spanish hasta ‘until’
words making it a silent letter [as-ta]

I I [i] /i/ as in English income, hit, pity يdolo ‘idol’
[i-do-lo]

J j [hoh-tah] gargled /k/ as in German Bach jabَn ‘soap’
[kha-bon]

K k [kah] /k/ as in English kite, wacky, silk kilo ‘kilo’
[ki-lo]

L l [eh-leh] /l/ as in English light, blame, ball lapiz ‘pencil’
[la-piz]

Ll ll [eh-lyeh] /ly/ as in English galleon llover ‘rain’
[lyo-ver]

M m [eh-meh] /m/ as in English money, summit, tame mal ‘bad’
[mal]
N n [eh-neh] /n/ as in English net, tiny, green norte ‘north’
[nor-te]

ر ٌ [eh-nyeh] /ny/ as in English canyon, onion ٌaque ‘junk’
[nya-ke]

O o [oh] /o/ as in English Auckland, saw, decor obra ‘work’
[ob-ra]

P p [peh] /p/ as in English party, happy, leap pato ‘duck’
[pa-to]

Q q [kuh] /k/ as in English kite, wacky, silk quema ‘fire’
[ke-ma]






R r [eh-reh] /r/ as in English roll, mark, lyre robo ‘robbery’
[ro-bo]

Rr rr [ehr-reh] /r/ with a roll of the tongue; hard /r/ correr ‘to run’
[kor-rer]
S s [eh-seh] /s/ as in English son, daisy, office salsa ‘sauce’
[sal-sa]

T t [teh] /t/ as in English time, later, belt taza ‘cup’
[ta-za]

U u [uh] /u/ as in English put, book, push ْnico ‘single’
[u-ni-ko]

V v [uh-veh] /v/ as in English vase, lava, have vaca ‘cow’
when used in the start of a word or syllable [va-ka]

soft /b/ when placed in between vowels ave ‘bird’
[a-be]
W w [uh-veh /w/ as in English whale, lower, show wلter ‘toilet’
do-ble] [wa-ter]

X x [eh-kis] gargled /k/ as in German Bach when Xavier (name)
used in the start of a word [khav-yer]

/ks/ as in English taxi, box, fix when sexto ‘sixth’
placed inside a word [seks-to]

Y y [i-gri-yeh-gah] /y/ as in English yoyo, boy, Sunday yate ‘yacth’
[ya-te]
/i/ as in English receive, cream, ski when used as the conjunction y ‘and’
Z z [zeh-tah] /z/ as in English zebra, lazy, buzz zona ‘zone’
[zo-na]
To summarize, sounds not present or are very minimal in the English language
but are common in Spanish includes /ch/, /th/, gargled /k/ of German, /ly/, /ny/, /rr/, and the soft /b/. Meanwhile, the letter h is common in the written language of Spanish, but is not pronounced verbally unless it belongs to the /ch/ sound.



As this day ends, you should now be able to recite the 30 letters of the Spanish alphabet using the names they are called (ah, beh, theh, etc.), distinguish the different sounds made by some letters like c, d, g, v, x, and y according to certain conditions, and cite some examples where all letters and sounds can be observed.

[Iron Man]

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DAY 3:
Forming Spanish Nominal Words and Phrases
With enough knowledge on Spanish letters and sounds, you are now ready to begin forming words and phrases. On this 3 rd day of training, the focus will be on forming nominal words and phrases. These are what we usually call nouns. These words name people, places, animals, events, and even abstract entities.
Spanish is a gender- and number-specific language. This means that its words, particularly nouns and adjectives, contain within them the categorization whether they are masculine, feminine, or neuter; and whether they are plural or singular.

Gender-Specific Characteristic
Nouns in Spanish may be classified according to gender - masculine, feminine, or neuter. How do we know which gender fits which noun?
To help you resolve this problem, I’d like you to meet two good friends of mine:
Lawrence, a clever guy from California, and Dazcion, a pretty maiden from Mexico.
Lawrence can help you remind which nouns in Spanish are masculine because he is a
guy, while Dazcion can do the same for feminine nouns. How is that possible? Read on.
Spanish nouns ending in L, O, R, E, N, and S are masculine. Here are some examples:
ءrbol [ar-bol] ‘tree’ Azucar [ah-zu-kar] ‘sugar’
Barrio [bar-ryo] ‘town’ Bebé [be-be] ‘baby’
Cinturَn [sin-tu-ron] ‘belt’ Disco [dis-ko] ‘disk’
Examen [ek-sa-men] ‘exam’ Freno [fre-no] ‘brake’
Garaje [ga-ra-he] ‘garage’ Hombre [om-bre] ‘man’
Imلn [i-man] ‘magnet’ Jamَn [ha-mon] ‘ham’
Libro [lib-roh] ‘book’ Miedo [mye-do] ‘fear’
Nombre [nom-bre] ‘name’ Oيdo [oy-do] ‘ear’
Paيs [pa-is] ‘country’ Pupitre [pu-pit-re] ‘desk’
Queso [ke-so] ‘cheese’ Regalo [reh-ga-lo] ‘gift’






Sello [sel-yo] ‘stamp’ Tacَn [ta-kon] ‘heel’
Traje [tra-he] ‘dress’ Zorro [zor-ro] ‘fox’

On the other hand, nouns ending in D, A, Z, and Cion are feminine. Some

examples are shown below:

Agua [ah-gwa] ‘water’ Barba [bar-ba] ‘beard’
Blusa [blu-sa] ‘blouse’ Cama [ka-ma] ‘bed’
Circulaciَn [sir-ku-la-thyon] ’traffic’ Cosa [ko-sa] ‘thing’
Direcciَn [di-rek-thyon] ‘address’ Estrella [es-tre-lya] ‘star’
Fruta [fru-ta] ‘fruit’ Guerra [ger-ra] ‘war’
Hora [oh-ra] ‘hour’ Hierba [yer-ba] ‘grass’
Iglesia [ig-le-sya] ‘church’ Juventud [hu-ven-tud] ‘youth’
Luz [luz] ‘light’ Mancha [man-cha] ‘stain’
Naciَn [na-syon] ‘nation’ Pلgina [pa-hi-na] ‘page’
Profesiَn [pro-fe-syon] ‘profession, job’ Querida [ke-ri-da] ‘dear’
Red [red] ‘net’ Suela [swe-la] ‘sole’
Salud [sa-lud] ‘health’ Tinta [tin-ta] ‘ink’
Uٌa [uh-nya] ‘nail’ Voz [voz] ‘voice’
Vida [vi-da] ‘life’ Zona [zo-na] ‘zone’
Hence, when you encounter a Spanish noun, all you have to do is look at its
ending and see if it belongs to Lawrence (L-O-R-E-N-S) or Dazcion to know its gender.
However, there are some exceptions to these rules. You would notice that most of them
are borrowed words from other languages like English. Observe the table below:
Masculine Nouns Feminine Nouns
Not Ending in L-O-R-E-N-S Not Ending in Dazcion

Arroz [ar-roz] ‘rice’ Calle [ka-lye] ‘street’
Bistec [bis-tek] ‘steak’ Cancer [kan-ser] ‘cancer’
Champu [cham-pu] ‘shampoo’ Carcel [kar-sel] ‘prison’
Dia [di-ya] ‘day’ Carne [kar-ne] ‘meat’
Esqui [es-ki] ‘ski’ Flor [flor] ‘flower’
Fax [faks] ‘fax’ Ley [ley] ‘law’
Mapa [ma-pa] ‘map’ Lente [len-te] ‘lens’
Menْ [me-nu] ‘menu’ Mujer [mu-her] ‘wife’
Pez [pez] ‘fish’ Noche [noh-cheh] ‘night’
Programma [pro-gra-ma] ‘programme’ Orden [or-den] ‘command’
Reloj [re-loh] ‘watch’ Razَn [ra-zon] ‘reason’
Rey [rey] ‘king’ Suerte [swer-te] ‘luck’



You should also note that not because the actual entity which is being referred by the word is associated with a certain gender (i.e., pants for men, skirts for women); the word takes the gender of the actual thing. Look how ironic Spanish nouns can be just for the sake of following its gender-specific characteristic:

Masculine Nouns

Camison [ka-mi-son] ‘nightdress’
Pantys [pan-tis] ‘thights’
Paraguas [pa-ra-gwas] ‘umbrella’
Salvaslips [sal-vas-lips] ‘panty liner’
Sujetador [su-he-ta-dor] ‘bra’
Pendiante [pen-dyan-te] ‘earrings’

Feminine Nouns

Cantera [kan-te-ra] ’case’
Corbata [kor-ba-ta] ’tie’
Ginebra [khi-ne-bra] ‘gin’
Gorra [gor-rah] ‘cap’
Guardia [gwar-dya] ‘guard’
Guitarra [gi-tar-ra] ‘guitar’


Nouns referring to persons and animals are inflected depending on the gender of


the noun being referred to:

Masculine Nouns

Arquitekto [ar-ki-tek-to]
Cajero [ka-he-ro]
Chico [chi-ko]
Director [di-rek-tor]
Dueٌo [dwe-nyo]
Esposo [es-poh-so]
Granjero [gran-he-ro]
Hermano [er-ma-no]
Huesped [wes-ped]
Hijo [i-ho]
Ladron [lad-ron]
Medico [me-di-ko]
Nieto [nye-to]
Perro [per-ro]

Feminine Nouns Meaning

Arquitekta [ar-ki-tek-ta] ‘architect’
Cajera [ka-he-ra] ‘cashier’
Chica [chi-ka] ‘boy/girl’
Direktora [di-rek-to-ra] ‘director’
Dueٌa [dwe-nya] ‘owner’
Esposa [es-poh-sa] ‘spouse’
Granhera [gran-he-ra] ‘farmer’
Hermana [er-ma-na] ‘sibling’
Huespeda [wes-pe-da] ‘guest’
Hija [i-ha] ‘son/daughter’
Ladrona [lad-ro-na] ‘thief’
Medica [me-di-ka] ‘doctor’
Nieta [nye-ta] ‘grandchild’
Perra [per-ra] ‘dog’

Notice that most of the masculine nouns referring to persons and animals above
end in -o or use the base form (without any suffix) of the word, while the feminine nouns
end in -a.



The third gender in Spanish noun classification is called neuter. Words belonging to this category can be both male and female, depending on the actual gender of the noun being referred to. They do not need to be inflected with any suffix. Look at some examples below:
Agente [ah-hken-te] ‘agent’
Adolescente [ah-doh-le-sen-te] ‘adolescent’
Artista [ar-tis-ta] ‘artist’
Canguro [kan-gu-ro] ‘babysitter’
Ciclista [si-klis-ta] ‘cyclist’
Cliente [kli-yen-te] ‘client, customer’
Especialista [es-pe-sya-lis-ta] ‘specialist’
Estudiante [es-tu-dyan-te] ‘student’
Gerente [he-ren-te] ‘manager’
Periodista [per-yo-dis-ta] ‘journalist’
Policia [po-li-thyah] ‘policeman, policewoman’
Representante [re-pre-sen-tan-te] ‘representative’

Number-Specific Characteristic
Similar to English, Spanish can be inflected for number - an affix is placed on words to show plurality. Below are the rules in forming plural nouns in Spanish:
1. Add -s to nouns ending in vowels.

Vaca  Vacas [va-kas] ‘cows’
Gato  Gatos [ga-tos] ‘cats’
Plaza  Plazas [pla-zas] ‘towns’
Calle  Calles [ka-lyes] ‘streets’
Tيa  Tيas [ti-yas] ‘aunts’
2. Add -es to nouns ending in consonants except /s/.

Papel  Papeles [pa-pe-les] ‘papers’
Color  Colores [ko-lo-res] ‘colors’
Ciudad  Ciudades [thyu-da-des] ‘cities’
Hotel  Hoteles [o-te-les] ‘hotels’
Flor  Flores [flo-res] ‘flowers’

3. Most nouns ending in /s/ remain themselves when pluralized.






Jueves  Jueves [khwe-ves] ‘Thursdays’

4. Add -es to some other nouns ending in /s/.

Mes  Meses [me-ses] ‘months’
Paيs  Paيses [pay-ses] ‘countries’

5. For nouns ending in /z/, change first the letter /z/ to /c/ before adding -es.

Pez  Peces [pe-thes] ‘fishes’
Luz  Luces [lu-thes] ‘lights’
Vez  Veces [ve-thes] ‘number of times’
Voz  Voces [vo-thes] ‘voices’
Lapiz  Lapices [la-pi-thes] ‘pencils’
Apart from adding the suffixes -s and -es, numbers can be observed in Spanish nouns by using the numerals themselves with the nouns. They should agree with one another - if the noun is more than one, a plural suffix should be present in the word. Here is the table for Spanish numerals:

0 cero [se-ro]

1 uno [u-no]

2 dos [dos]

3 tres [tres]
4 cuatro [kwat-ro]

5 cinco [thing-ko]

6 seيs [seys]

7 siete [she-te]

8 ocho [oh-cho]
9 nueve [nwe-veh]

10 diez [dyez]

11 once [on-the]

16 diez y seيs [dyez i seys]

17 diez y siete [dyez i she-te]

18 diez y ocho [dyez i ocho]

19 diez y nueve [dyez i nwe-ve]
20 veinte [veyn-te]

21 veinte y uno [veyn-te i u-no]

22 veinte y dos [veyn-te i dos]

30 treinta [treyn-ta]

40 cuarenta [kwa-ren-ta]
50 cincuenta [thing-kwen-ta]

60 sesenta [se-sen-ta]

70 setenta [se-ten-ta]







12 doce [doh-the] 80 ochenta [oh-chen-ta]

13 trece [tre-the] 90 noventa [no-ven-ta]

14 catorce [ka-tor-the] 100 cien [shen]

15 quince [kin-the] 1000 mil [mil]

Here are examples of nouns and numbers forming nominal phrases:
Una dia [u-na di-ya] ‘one day’
Ocho vasos de agua [oh-cho va-sos de a-gwa] ‘8 glasses of water’
Doce meses cada aٌo [do-the me-ses ka-da a-nyo] ’12 months a year’
Treinta y dos aٌos [treyn-ta i dos a-nyos] ’32 years’
Cien pesos [shen pe-sos] ‘100 pesos’

Definite and Indefinite Articles
As we have already started forming nominal phrases with the use of numbers, let us continue by using articles in Spanish this time.
A nominal phrase is usually composed of an article and a noun, Articles can be either definite or indefinite. In English, we use the article “the” to show definiteness, while we use “a” to refer to indefinite nouns. As a review of definiteness, consider the following English sentences below:
[The child] is playing.
[A child] is playing.
In the former sentence, the one playing is the child whom perhaps we already know or have been talking about earlier; unlike in the latter where the one playing is a child who we don’t really know.
In Spanish, articles are also used to show a noun’s definiteness. Since it is again a gender- and number-specific language, these articles are also inflected for gender and plurality. Study the table below that introduces these articles:








D E F I N I T E
Singular Plural
el [el] los [los]
Masculine
el libro los libros
[el lib-roh] [los lib-rohs]
‘the book’ ‘the books’
la [la] las [las]
Feminine
la plaza las plazas
[la pla-za] [las pla-zas]
‘the town’ ‘the towns’






I N D E F I N I T E
Singular Plural
un [un] unos [unos]
un chico unos chicos
[un chi-ko] [u-nos chi-kos]
‘a boy’ ‘boys’
una [una] unas [unas]

una chica unas chicas
[u-na chi-ka] [u-nas chi-kas]
‘a girl’ ‘girls’

To summarize, here are the steps in forming nominal phrases:

1. Identify the gender of the noun. Check its ending but remember the exceptions.
2. How many are being talked about? If it’s more than one, observe the ending so
you would know what suffix to add.
3. Is the noun definite or not? This would determine what article to use. Examples: Answer the questions in Spanish.
Q: What did you have for breakfast?
A: 2 bananas and a glass of milk

1. Platano ‘banana’ is a male.
Vaso ‘glass’ is also a male.
2. 2 bananas. Hence, add -s to platano  2 platanos.
1 glass. Hence, vaso remains.
3. 2 bananas - definite, with numeral  dos platanos
1 glass - indefinite, use un  un vaso

 Dos platanos y un vaso de leche
Q: Who called while I was gone?
A: The neighbors (girls) and a student (boy)

1. The neighbors are girls. Use vecina (instead of vecino).
Estudiante is neuter. No need for inflection.
2. Neighbors. Hence, add -s to vecina  vecinas.
Student. Hence, estudiante remains.
3. The neighbors - definite, use las  las vecinas



A student - indefinite, use un  un estudiante  Las vecinas y un estudiante

Learn More Nouns that are Spanish!
It is also important to learn the following Spanish nouns that are used in daily
conversations. Take time to get yourself familiar with these nouns and memorize each
one of them.
1. Months in a Year (los meses en un aٌo)

Enero [e-ne-ro] ‘January’
Febrero [feb-re-ro] ‘February’
Marzo [mar-zo] ‘March’
Abril [ab-ril] ‘April’
Mayo [ma-yo] ‘May’
Junio [hu-nyo] ‘June’
Julio [hu-lyo] ‘July’
Agosto [a-gos-to] ‘August’
Septiembre [sep-tyem-bre] ‘September’
Octubre [ok-tu-bre] ‘October’
Noviembre [no-vyem-bre] ‘November’
Diciembre [di-thyem-bre] ‘December’

2. Days of the Week (las dias en una semana)

Lunes [lu-nes] ‘Monday’
Martes [mar-tes] ‘Tuesday’
Miercoles [myer-ko-les] ‘Wednesday’
Jueves [khweh-ves] ‘Thursday’
Viernes [vyer-nes] ‘Friday’
Sabado [sa-ba-dho] ‘Saturday’
Domingo [do-ming-go] ‘Sunday’

3. Time of the Day (hora en la diya)

De la maٌana [de la ma-nya-na] ‘am’
De la tarde [de la tar-de] ‘pm’

Hora [o-ra] ‘time, hour’
Media hora [me-dya ora] ‘half hour’
Cuarto de hora [kwar-to o-ra] ‘quarter of an hour’







4. What is The Date Today? (؟Que fecha es hoy?)
Dates, in Spanish, are formed by stating the date (number) first before the month. The number is introduced by an article, while the preposition de ‘of’ is used to link that date to the month. Let’s try it!


؟Que fecha es hoy?
[ke fe-cha es oy]
‘What’s the date today?’

؟Que dia es?
[ke di-ya es]
‘What day is it?

Note:


El cinco de marzo. El seis de Julio.
[el thing-ko de mar-zo] [el seys de hu-lyo]
‘It’s the 5th of May.’ ‘It’s the 6th of July.’

Es domingo. Es miercoles.
[es do-ming-go] [es myer-ko-les]
‘It’s Sunday’ ‘It’s Wednesday’


- The months and days in Spanish do not begin with capital letters when written.


5. What Time Is It? (؟Que hora es?)


؟Que hora es? Es la una de la tarde Son las dos y media

[ke o-ra es] [es la u-na de la tar-de] [son las dos i me-dya]

‘What time is it?’ ‘It’s 1:00 p.m.’ ‘It’s 2:30’

[Iron Man]

.

DAY 4:
Getting Familiar with Spanish Pronouns
Pronouns are noun substitutes. Even though you can already form nominal phrases, it isn’t enough that you proceed in studying verbs and then forming sentences right away. You would not want el gato to be present just at each of your sentences, would you? Trust me; it will only sound bad.
Hence, you should understand and know the proper usage of pronouns in Spanish. This day’s lesson is divided into learning subjective, objective, possessive, and demonstrative pronouns.

Subject Pronouns
In Spanish, subject pronouns are usually used only once in a context and are
generally omitted. This is because Spanish verbs already contain in them both the person
and number of the subject being talked about. (Verbs will be discussed further in later days to come.) Hence, once the subject pronoun is stated, the next sentences about it can become grammatical even without the said pronoun, or even noun for that matter.
The subject pronoun chart appears like this:


Person Singular
1st Person Yo [yo] ‘I’

Familiar Tu [tu] ‘you’


Plural
Nosotros [no-sot-ros]
‘we’
Vosostros [vo-sot-ros]

2nd Person


3rd Person


Formal Usted [us-ted] ‘you’
Male El [el] ‘he/it’
Female Ella [eh-lya] ‘she/it’

‘you all’
Ustedes [us-te-des]
‘you all’
Ellos [eh-lyos] ‘they’
Ellas [eh-lyas] ‘they’

Pronouns in the first person, both in singular and plural forms, should be familiar to you as they function just the same as in English.



As for the 2nd person, pronouns here are of two forms, the familiar and the formal.
You should know that Spanish people value respect greatly for the elderly and authority.
This is what the formal form of the 2nd person pronouns refers to. Usted and ustedes have
respect inherent in them. Hence, they should be used when talking to people you regard
highly.

Finally, you should notice that the 3rd person pronouns have also 2 forms
according to gender of the person or thing being talked about. Here, it is important to be
able to identify the gender of the noun before substituting it with a pronoun.
The use of subject pronouns will be further shown when they are already being used in sentences. As for now, it is enough that you become familiar with each one of them.

Object Pronouns
Object pronouns are generally substituted for direct and indirect objects in

sentences with transitive verbs.

Study the object pronoun chart below:

Person Singular Plural
1st Person Me [meh] ‘me’ Nos [nohs] ‘us’
Familiar Te [teh] ’you’ Os [ohs] ‘you all’

2nd Person

3rd Person

Formal
Male

Female

Le [leh] ‘you’ Les [lehs] ‘you all’
Lo [loh] ‘he/it’ (DO) Los [lohs] ‘they’ (DO)
Le [leh] ‘he/it’ (IO) Les [lehs] ‘they’ (IO)
La [lah] ‘she/it’ (DO) Las [lahs] ‘they’ (DO)
Le [leh] ‘she/it’ (IO) Les [lehs] ‘they’ (IO)

For the 1st and 2nd persons, you would notice that the direct and indirect objects
have the same form; while the direct object differs from its indirect counterpart in the 3rd



person. This is to avoid confusion when they both appear in a single sentence. (More of this to be discussed further on Day 11)

Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns, those that show ownership, also depend on the gender and number of the nouns they accompany. Take note that a pronoun’s gender - particularly, 1st and 2nd person plural (‘our’ and ‘your’) - do not correspond to what the gender of the owner is, but to the gender of the noun.

Singular Nouns
Masculine Feminine
‘My’ Mi [mi]
Familiar Tu [tu]

Plural Nouns
Masculine Feminine
Mis [mis]
Tus [tus]

‘Your’

Formal Su [su] Sus [sus]

‘His, her, its’
‘Our’

‘Your’ Familiar

Su [su]
Nuestro Nuestra
[nu-wes-tro] [nu-wes-tra]
Vuestro Vuestra

Sus [sus]
Nuestros Nuestras
[nu-wes-tros] [nu-wes-tras]
Vuestros Vuestras

Pl.


Formal
‘Their’

[vu-wes-tro] [vu-wes-tra]
Su [su]
Su [su]

[vu-wes-tros] [vu-wes-tras]
Sus [sus]
Sus [sus]


Examples of phrases we can make using possessive pronouns are as follows:


Mi madre [mi mad-re] ‘my mother’

Tu coche [tu ko-che] ‘your car’

Sus blusas [sus blu-sas] ‘her blouses’

Nuestro mundo [nu-wes-tro mun-do] ‘our world’

Vuestros pantalones [vu-wes-tros pan-ta-lo-nes] ‘your (pl.) pants’

Sus hermanos [sus er-ma-nos] ‘their brothers’

Su nombre, por favor [su nom-bre por fa-vor] ‘your name, please’ (formal)

Demonstratives
Demonstratives refer to certain nouns in terms of their positions relative to the
speaker. In Spanish, there are three specific positions of nouns in which demonstratives
are used: near the speaker, near the listener, and far away from both the speaker and






listener. These demonstratives also conform to the gender and number of the nouns being

referred to.

Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
‘This’ Este [es-te] Esta [es-ta] ‘These’ Estos [es-tos] Estas [es-tas]
‘That’ Ese [e-se] Esa [e-sa] ‘Those’ Esos [e-sos] Esas [e-sas]
‘That over Aquel Aquella ‘Those over Aquellos Aqueallas
there’ [a-kel] [a-ke-lya] there’ [a-ke-lyos] [a-ke-lyas]

For clear examples:

An apple near the speaker: Esta manzana [es-ta man-za-na] ‘This apple’
An apple near the listener: Esa manzana [e-sa man-za-na] ‘That apple’
An apple far away: Aquella manzana [a-ke-lya man-za-na] ‘That apple’
(over there)

12 apples near the speaker: Estas manzanas [es-tas man-za-nas] ‘These apples’
12 apples near the listener: Esas manzanas [e-sas man-za-nas] ‘Those apples’
12 apples far away: Aquellas manzanas [a-ke-lyas man-za-nas] Those apples
(over there)

[Iron Man]

.

DAY 5:
Learn to Describe with Spanish Adjectives
The principal function of adjectives is to modify or describe nouns. Therefore, the
number and the gender of an adjective should conform to the noun involved (i.e. if the
noun is male singular, the adjective describing it should be the same). However, unlike in
the English language that the adjective comes before the noun it modifies, Spanish
adjectives usually follow the noun they give description to, although there are instances
that the Spanish language follows the Adj-N order. Compare the following examples:
Eng. A pretty girl Span. Una chica bonita [u-na chi-ka bo-ni-ta]
Art-Adj-N Art-N-Adj
The naughty boys Los chicos malos [los chi-kos ma-los]
Art-Adj-N Art-N-Adj
At first, it may be a bit confusing; but as you practice more, you can easily get used to forming adjectival phrases. Just remember, noun first before the adjective.
Adjectives in Spanish can be categorized into two types according to form -
regular & neuter:
1. Regular Forms: -o, -a, -os, -as. Most adjectives have masculine and feminine,
singular and plural forms: the suffix to show masculinity is -o, while the suffix to
show femininity is -a. An -s is added to the vowel at the end of the word to form
the plural.
Ex. Un bolso largo [un bol-so lar-go] ‘a new bag’
Una mesa nueva [u-na me-sa nwe-va] ‘a new table’

Dos bolsos largos [dos bol-sos lar-gos] ‘two new bags’
Dos mesas nuevas [dos me-sas new-vas] ‘two new tables’



2. Neuter Forms. Adjectives having this form usually end in an -e, in -ista, or in a
consonant in the singular form. They use the same form for both masculine and
feminine forms. To form the plural, add an -s or -es.
Ex. Un libro interesante [un lib-ro in-te-re-san-te] ‘an interesting book’
Una obra dificil [u-na ob-ra di-fi-sil] ‘a difficult work’

Los libros interesantes[los lib-ros in-te-re-san-tes] ‘the interesting books’
Los obras dificiles [los ob-ras di-fi-si-les] ‘the difficult works’
The classifications below, on the other hand, are according to the common descriptions they provide. Study them well and learn to describe in Spanish:
1. Cardinal Numbers. These may be used as adjectives, aside from pluralizers, as
they describe the quantity of certain nouns.
(Refer back to page 20, Day 3 for the chart of Spanish cardinal numbers)

Notes:
- Numbers such as 1999 must be expressed as mil novecientos noventa y nueve
(not ‘nineteen hundred ninety-nine’ as some people often say).
- Numbers ending in uno ‘one’ have feminine singular forms when used with
feminine nouns: veinte y una mujeres ’21 wives’, cincuenta y una piedras ’51
stones’.
- The preposition de is used between millَn ‘million’ and a noun being counted:
un millَn de dَlares ‘1 million dollars’, cien millones de habitantes ‘100
millions inhabitants’.
- In writing out Spanish numerals, commas are used in place of periods, and
periods are used in place of commas: 1.240,5 (is equivalent to 1,240.5).



2. Ordinal Numbers. These adjectives indicate the order in which something occurs
(first, second, etc). Remember that they also agree with the nouns being modified
in terms of gender and number, and that they occur before the nouns, not after.
Name Pronounce It! To Easily Remember

1st primero [pri-me-ro] From the word primary meaning first
2nd segundo [se-gun-do] Close to English word second
3rd tercero [ter-the-ro] Use alliteration: third and tercero
4th cuarto [kwar-to] Cuatro is 4, while cuarto is 4th
5th quinto [kin-to] From Latin quintus ‘fivefolds’
6th sexto [seks-to] Six becomes sex + to
7th séptimo [sep-ti-mo] From Latin septem ‘seven’
8th octavo [ok-ta-vo] From Latin octavus ‘eighth’
9th noveno [no-ve-no] From Latin novem ‘nine’
10th décimo [de-thi-mo] From Greek deka- ‘ten’

Ex. Mi primera clase [mi pri-me-ra kla-se] ‘my first class’
El tercer pلrrafo [el ter-ther par-ra-fo] ‘the third paragraph’

Notes:

- Feminine forms of the above cardinal numbers use the suffix -a. They are
pluralized by adding -s at the end of each word.

- The forms primer ‘first’ and tercer ‘third’ can be used before masculine

singular nouns.
- When used as part of names, such as Felipe II (read as ‘Felipe the second’),
the word the is not translated in Spanish; hence, Felipe Segundo.
3. Nationality. These words state the nationality or place of origin. Keep in mind
that the base form (without suffix) and -o form is masculine, while the -a form is
the feminine counterpart. Their plural forms are created by adding -s or -es.
Espaٌol [es-pa-nyol] Espaٌola [es-pa-nyo-la] ‘Spanish’
Aleman [a-le-man] Alemana [a-le-ma-na] ‘German’
Mexicano [me-hi-ka-no] Mexicana [me-hi-ka-na] ‘Mexican’
Argentino [ar-khen-ti-no] Argetina [ar-khen-ti-na] ‘Argentinian’






Italiano [i-tal-ya-no] Italiana [i-tal-ya-na] ‘Italian’
Brasileٌo [bra-si-le-nyo] Brasileٌa [bra-si-le-nya] ‘Brazilian’
Egipcio [e-hip-thio] Egipcia [e-hip-thia] ‘Egyptian’
Suizo [swi-zo] Suiza [swi-za] ‘Swiss’
Inglés [ing-gles] Inglesa [ing-gle-sa] ‘English’
Francés [fran-thes] Francesa [fran-the-sa] ‘French’
Japonés [ha-po-nes] Japonesa [ha-po-ne-sa] ‘Japanese’
Holandés [o-lan-des] Holandesa [o-lan-de-sa] ‘Holland’
Portugués [por-tu-ges] Portuguesa [por-tu-ge-sa] ‘Portuguese’
Indonés [in-do-nes] Indonesa [in-do-ne-sa] ‘Indonesian’
Filipino [fi-li-pi-no] Filipina [fi-li-pi-na] ‘Filipino’
However, there are Spanish adjectives of nationality that do not have unique

feminine forms. These are the words that end in -ense such as:
Estadosunidense [es-ta-dos-u-ni-den-se] ‘American’
Canadiense [ka-na-dyen-se] ‘Canadian’

Ex. un libro Espaٌol [un lib-ro es-pa-nyol] ‘a Spanish book’
una obra espaٌola [u-na ob-ra es-pa-nyo-la] ‘a Spanish work’

dos libros espaٌoles [dos lib-ros es-pa-nyo-les] ‘two Spanish books’
dos obras espaٌolas [dos ob-ras es-pa-nyo-las] ‘two Spanish works’
4. Descriptive Adjectives. These are words you use to describe nouns, especially
when you want your listeners to picture out what you’re talking about. They agree
with the nouns they modify in terms of number and gender, and appear after the
nouns.
Alto [al-to] ‘high, tall’ Bajo [ba-ho] ‘low,
Largo [lar-go] ‘long’ Corto [kor-to] ‘short’
Grande [gran-de] ‘large’ Pequeٌo [pe-ke-nyo] ‘small’
Gordo [gor-do] ‘fat’ Delgado [del-ga-do] ‘thin’
Esbelto [es-bel-to] ‘slender’ Sexy [se-hi] ‘sexy’
Bonito [bo-ni-to] ‘beautiful’ Feo [fe-yo] ‘ugly’
Rico [ri-ko] ‘rich’ Pobre [pob-re] ‘poor’
Bién [byen] ‘good’ Mal [mal] ‘bad’
Rلpido [ra-pi-do] ‘fast’ Lento [len-to] ‘slow’
Caro [ka-ro] ‘expensive’ Barato [ba-ra-to] ‘cheap’
Viejo [vye-ho] ‘old’ Joven [ho-ven] ‘young'
Adjectives that refer to color are listed below:







Negro [neg-ro] ‘black’ Blanco [blan-ko] ‘white’
Azul [a-zul] ‘blue’ Rojo [ro-ho] ‘red’
Amarillo [a-ma-ri-lyo] ‘yellow’ Verde [ver-de] ‘green’
Naranja [na-ran-ha] ‘orange’ Rosa [ro-sa] ‘pink’
Morado [mo-ra-do] ‘purple’ Marrَn [mar-ron] ‘brown’
Moreno [mo-re-no] ‘dark’ Claro [kla-ro] ‘light’

Adjectives that refer to taste and food are listed below:

Dulce [dul-the] ‘sweet’ Agrio [ag-ri-yo] ‘sour’
Amargo [a-mar-go] ‘bitter’ Salado [sa-la-do] ‘salty’
Delicioso [de-li-thyo-so] ‘delicious’ Picante [pi-kan-te] ‘spicy’
Caliente [kal-yen-te] ‘hot’ Frio [fri-yo] ‘cold’
Insيpido [in-si-pi-do] ‘tasteless’
5. Possessive and Demonstrative Adjectives. The possessive and demonstrative
pronouns we have studied earlier in this course can be considered adjectives when
they function as modifiers of nouns.
(Refer to pages 27 to 28, Day 4 for the chart of Spanish pronouns)
These adjectives come before the nouns they modify, similar to the way they are used in English: mi casa ‘my house,’ esos coches ‘those cars’

[Iron Man]

.

DAY 6:
Making Longer and Complete Phrases with Prepositions
Spanish learners should never neglect the proper usage of prepositions. Generally, when you answer questions like “Where do you live?” or “When will you come over?” you don’t reply with complete sentences, starting them with “I live at …” or “I will come over after …” Normally, “at Sta. Rosa St.,” or “after I finish eating” replies are enough to answer such questions.
Hence, correct usage of prepositions is necessary to learn in order to be able to
respond properly, give directions and instructions, or simply create accurate sentences.
Prepositions function as words that connect other words or phrases, and create
relationships between them. Like English, Spanish has perhaps a few dozen prepositions.
The following list shows the most common ones along with some basic examples:

Prepositions Meaning Examples Translations
a ‘to’ a la ciudad ‘to the city’
[ah] ‘at’ a las tres y media ‘at 3:30’
‘by means of’ a pie ‘by foot’
antes de ‘before‘ antes de dormirme ‘before going to sleep’
[an-tes de]
bajo ‘under’ bajo la mesa ‘under the table’
[ba-ho]
cerca de ‘near’ cerca de la mesa. ‘near the table’
[ther-ka de]
con ‘with’ con él ‘with him’
[kon]
contra ‘against’ contra la huelga ‘against the strike’
[kon-tra]
de ‘of’ de papel ‘of paper’
[de] ‘from’ possession de Nueva York ‘from New York’
coche de Juan ‘car of John’ or
‘John’s car’







delante de ‘in front of’
[de-lan-te de]
dentro de ‘inside’
[den-tro de]
desde ‘since’
[des-de] ‘from’
después de ‘after’
[des-pwes de]
detrلs de ‘behind’
[de-tras de]
durante ‘during’
[durante]
en ‘in’
[en] ‘on’
encima de ‘on top of’
[en-thi-ma de]
enfrente de ‘in front of’
[en-fren-te de]
entre ‘between’
[en-tre]
fuera de ‘outside of’
[few-ra de]
hacia ‘towards’
[a-thi-ya]
hasta ‘until’
[as-ta]
para ‘for’
[pa-ra] ‘in order to’
por ‘for’
[por] ‘by’
segْn ‘according to’
[se-gun]
sin [sin] ‘without’
sobre ‘over’
[sob-re] ‘about’





delante de la casa ‘in front of the house’

dentro de la jaula. ‘inside the cage’

desde ayer ‘since yesterday’
desde el carro ‘from the car’
después de la clase ‘after class’

detrلs de la mesa ‘behind the table’

durante la clase ‘during the class’

en Nueva York ‘in New York’
en la mesa ‘on the table’
encima de la casa ‘on top of the house’

enfrente de la mesa ‘in front of the table’

entre la mesa y el ‘between the table and the
sofل sofa’
fuera de la casa ‘outside of the house’

hacia la escuela ‘towards the school’

hasta las seis ‘until 6:00’

para usted ‘for you (formal)’
para ser rico ‘in order to be rich’
por la comida ‘for the meal’
por Juan ‘by Juan’
segْn el periَdico ‘according to the
newspapers’
sin él ‘without him’
sobre la silla. ‘over the chair’
sobre el presidente. ‘about the president’

[Iron Man]

.

DAY 7:
Introduction to Spanish Verbs
Spanish verbs are among the most, if not the most, complicated topics in Spanish. That is why after finishing half the session of this training program, the next 4 days will be allotted in studying Spanish verbs. This is the first of our 4-day training session regarding Spanish verbs.
First, you need to know that verbs in the Spanish language are divided into 3
categories. Let’s call them the AR verbs, the ER verbs, and the IR verbs. The two-letter
names of these groups are actually the ending sounds or syllables of the verbs in Spanish.
Aside from that, these verbs are conjugated for number, person, and tense.
Conjugation is the process of adding patterned suffixes on the base (original) form of the verb to show differences on certain criteria. Verbs belonging to the same group are inflected the same way - they use the same affixes. Hence, there is no better way to make conjugations fun and easy to learn than to simply memorize these “patterns.”
We will discuss the conjugations of these verbs on the next days ahead -
conjugation of verbs on present tense tomorrow, on past tense the day after tomorrow, and on future tense the day after that. For now, let me introduce you to the three groups of Spanish verbs that I’m talking about.

AR Verbs
The verbs written below end in -ar. In conjugating, you will take off this ending
and add the appropriate suffixes. Meanwhile, try to familiarize yourself first with the
different verbs below. Creative thoughts (note that they are not the actual meaning of



the words and are for memorization purposes only) are provided so you can easily associate them with their English counterparts.
Verb Say It! Meaning To Easily Remember
Aceptar [ak-sep-tar] to accept Aceptar is to accept arrest.

Acompaٌar [a-kom-pa- to accompany Acompaٌar is to accompany a rebel.
nyar]
Aconsejar [a-kon-se-har] to advise Aconsejar is to advise a convicted, sedated
harasser.

Arreglar [ar-reg-lar] to arrange Arreglar is to arrange an array of irregular
shapes and other things.

Ayudar [a-yu-dar] to help Ayudar is to help a youthful darling.

Bailar [bay-lar] to dance Bailar is a dancing bailar-ina.
Bajar [ba-har] to go down Bajar is bad harry going down.

Borrar [bor-rar] to erase Borrar is to erase the board arrogantly.

Caminar [ka-mi-nar] to walk Caminar is a walking camel in a road.

Cantar [kan-tar] to sing Cantar is to sing a country and R&B song.

Celebrar [the-leb-rar] to celebrate Celebrar is to celebrate and rave.
Cenar [the-nar] to eat dinner Cenar is to eat celery, nans, and raisin for
dinner.

Cocinar [ko-thi-nar] to cook Cocinar is to cook cocoa in a red pot.
Comprar [kom-prar] to buy Comprar is to buy a computer and radio
with recorder.

Contestar [kon-tes-tar] to answer Contestar is the answer of contestants in a
rivalry.

Cortar [kor-tar] to cut Cortar is a cut corsage shaped like a star.

Dejar [de-har] to leave Dejar is a leaving deaf jargonist.







Desear [de-se-yar] to wish

Empujar [em-pu-khar] to push

Entrar [en-trar] to enter

Escuchar [es-ku-char] to listen


Estudiar [es-tu-dyar] to study

Firmar [fir-mar] to sign

Ganar [ga-nar] to win, earn

Gastar [gas-tar] to spend

Gritar [gri-tar] to shout



Hablar [ab-lar] to speak

Invitar [in-vi-tar] to invite

Llamar [lya-mar] to call



Llevar [lye-var] to wear

Llorar [lyo-rar] to cry


Mandar [man-dar] to send

Mirar [mi-rar] to look at





Desear is to wish upon a dazzling,
enchanted, seasonal star.
Empujar is to push an empty puce jar. Entrar is to enter a rocky road.
Escuchar is to listen from an escalated cubicle on what people say about your character.
Estudiar is a (e)student in a room studying. Firmar is to sign firmly using a red ink.
Ganar is winning anything but a gallon of narcotics.
Gastar is when you gasp t(e)arfully because you realized you have spent too much.
Gritar. When you greet a rock band
member in a concert, you shout becaue of the loud environment.

Hablar is to speak about large and small topics under the sun.

Invitar is to invite a rock band to a party.

Llamar is to call a close friend and say, “Come over because I’ll make a yam with margarine for you.’

Llevar is a lyepard wearing varbie (barbie) clothes.

Llorar. When a friend comes crying to you, say, “I’ll punish yor (your) enemy by
arresting him!”
Mandar is to send a mandatory rule.
Mirar is to look at yourself at the mirrar (mirror).







Nadar [na-dar] to swim

Necesitar [ne-the-thi-tar] to need

Parar [pa-rar] to stop

Pasar [pa-sar] to spend time

Patinar [pa-ti-nar] to skate

Pintar [pin-tar] to paint

Preguntar [pre-gun-tar] to ask

Preparar [pre-pa-rar] to prepare

Presentar [pre-sen-tar] to present

Quitar [ki-tar] to take off

Regresar [re-gre-sar] to return


Saludar [sa-lu-dar] to greet

Terminar [ter-mi-nar] to end

Tirar [ti-rar] to throw

Tocar [to-kar] to play

Tomar [to-mar] to take in

Trabajar [tra-ba-khar] to work

Usar [u-sar] to use





Nadar is to swim naked in the dark.

Necesitar. When it’s a necessity and requirement, it’s a need.

Parar is to stop and park along the road.

Pasar is to spend time before it passes by a whole year round.

Patinar is a skating parrot with tiny little arms.

Pintar is to paint using a pint of aerosol.

Preguntar is to ask a pregnant woman how she understands tarantism.

Preparar is to prepare a rice bowl.

Presentar is to present a ribbon for the best students.
Quitar is to quit bumming around and take
off.
Regresar is to return because you regret saying farewell to a friend.

Saludar is to greet and salute da (the) referee.

Terminar is terminating a bad routine.

Tirar is to throw the left-over tiramisu that’s rotten.

Tocar is playing the triangle, oboe, cello, and guitar.

Tomar is to take in a tomato and radish juice at the same time.
Trabajar is to work using a truck, bus, car. Usar is to use the USA Robotics.








ER Verbs
Verbs belonging to this category have -er endings that are to be taken off when conjugated. Here are some of the ER verbs that you will soon be able to conjugate. Make use of the creative thoughts in order to familiarize them well

Verb Say It! Meaning

Aprender [a-pren-der] to learn

Barrer [bar-rer] to sweep

Beber [be-ber] to drink



Comer [ko-mer] to eat

To Easily Remember

Aprender is to learn how the 12 apostles rendered services to many people.

Barrer is to sweep dust off the barrel and container.
Beber is to drink any kind of beberage (beverage).


Comer is to ask someone to come here and
eat.


Comprender [kom-pren-der] to understand Comprender is a computer that renders

useful information, understand?


Correr [kor-rer] to run Correr is a running corpse with a red
ribbon on the head.
Deber [de-ber] to have to Deber is to have to deliver beret for the
cadets.

Leer [le-er] to read Leer is Bruce Lee with a newspaper,
reading.

Meter [me-ter] to put, insert Meter is to put a metal inside its container.

Prender [pren-der] to catch Prender is a police rendering a mission by
catching thieves and criminals.

Romper [rom-per] to break Romper. Ever broken a vase because you
romped around?

Temer [te-mer] to fear Temer is to fear ten mermaids.







Toser [to-ser] to cough Toser is a coughing toddler due to serious
illness.

Vender [ven-der] to sell Vender. It’s a vendor with an e!

IR Verbs
The IR verbs below (as they end in the segment -ir) are much fewer than the previous other groups. However, they should be given equal attention, because you will be using them as you go along with the lesson.

Verb Say It! Meaning

Abrir [ab-rir] to open

Aٌadir [a-nya-dir] to add

Asistir [a-sis-tir] to attend

Describir [des-kri-bir] to describe

Discutir [dis-ku-tir] to discuss

Escribir [es-kri-bir] to write

Interrumpir [in-ter-rum-pir] to interrupt

Ocurrir [o-kur-rir] to occur

Partir [par-tir] to leave

Recibir [re-thi-bir] to receive

Subir [su-bir] to go up

To Easily Remember

Abrir is to open a briefcase in the room.

Aٌadir is to add shame to an honorable man yacking about dir (deer) hunting.

Asistir is the attendant who assists in the reception.
Describir is to describe clearly.
Discutir is to discuss tiring measures.
Escribir is to write an essay about a crib in the room.

Interrumpir is to interrupt a man talking about pir (peer) pressures.

Occurir is an event occurring in Rome.

Partir is to leave a parti (party) by walking out of the room.

Recibir is to recib (receive) international reward.
Subir is to go up from the subway and into the main road.






Sufrir [suf-rir] to suffer Sufrir is to suffer from ridicule and rant.

Vivir [vi-vir] to live Vivir is to live vividly in the rural and urban
areas of the world.

[Iron Man]

.

DAY 8:
Conjugating Verbs to Present Tense
It’s the 8th day! Were you able to familiarize yourself with the different verbs in
Spanish? The three endings of the verbs that you have learned in Day 7 are important
because they will become the basis of the conjugations you are going to learn for the next
few days.
It was mentioned earlier that conjugation is actually the process of inflecting
(adding suffixes to show differences in certain criteria such as number, gender, and/or
tense) verbs in a set of patterns. In Spanish, when you conjugate verbs, you remove the
endings (-ar, -er, and -ir) of the verbs and then replace them with the patterned affixes.
For this day, you will learn how to conjugate verbs to show current, general, and habitual actions. Hence, the lesson today will include conjugation on present and present progressive tenses.

Regular Forms

When verbs are in the regular form, it can be conjugated by:

a. Removing the endings (-ar, -er, -ir).
b. Attaching the following suffixes (written in bold letters):
In the table below, take note that even without the subject pronouns, the
conjugated verbs can stand alone since the person and number are already inherited in the suffixes they use. For example, you can say hablo Espaٌol (without the pronoun yo) and still mean ‘I speak Spanish.’
-AR Verbs -ER Verbs -IR Verbs
Ex. Hablar (to speak) Ex. Comer (to eat) Ex. Vivir (to live)
Hablo Como Vivo
Yo [a-blo] [ko-mo] [vi-vo]






‘I speak’ ‘I eat’ ‘I live’
Hablas Comes Vives
Tu [a-blas] [ko-mes] [vi-ves]

‘You speak’ ‘You eat’ ‘You live’
Habla Come Vive
El / Ella / [a-bla] [ko-me] [vi-ve]
Usted
‘You speak’ (formal) ‘You eat’ (formal) ‘You live’ (formal)
‘He / She / It speaks’ ‘He / She / It eats’ ‘He / She / It Lives’
Hablamos Comemos Vivimos
Nosotros [a-bla-mos] [ko-me-mos] [vi-vi-mos]

‘We speak’ ‘We eat’ ‘We live’
Hablلis Coméis Vivéis
Vosotros [a-bla-is] [ko-me-is] [vi-ve-is]
‘You (all) speak’ ‘You (all) eat’ ‘You (all) live’
Hablan Comen Viven
Ellos / Ellas / [a-blan] [ko-men] [vi-ven]
Usteded
‘You (all) speak’ (formal) ‘You all eat’ (formal) ‘You all live’ (formal)
‘They speak’ ‘They eat’ ‘They live’
To Easily Remember: Note that the only difference between the ER and IR verbs in forming the present tense is the nosotros form.
These patterns work for all regular verbs in Spanish. So how do you know if a verb is regular or irregular? Read on.

Irregular Forms
Verbs under this category do not exactly follow the above pattern; or if they do, there are still changes in the spelling of their stem (the part of the verb without the suffix) as they form the present tense.
Irregular forms, or the exceptions to the rules, usually cannot be distinguished
perfectly. Therefore, you have to exert extra effort to memorize and get familiar with the
way they form their present tense. This is no different from having to memorize that the



plural of mouse is mice and not mousse, or that the past tense of sing is sang and not singed, like any other regular verbs in English.
1. Irregular Stems. These verbs use the same endings as the regular verbs. What
made them irregular are the changes their stems undergo. Hence, remember to
still identify their endings and use the regular conjugation patterns, but don’t
forget to change their spellings by:
a. Replacing -e by -ie

Ex. Querer ‘to like’ Cerrar ‘to close’
Yo quiero Yo cierro
Tu quieres Tu cierras
El/Ella/Usted quiere El/Ella/Usted cierra
Nosotros queremos Nosotros cerramos
Vosotros queréis Vosotros cerrلis
Ellos/Ellas/Uds quieron Ellos/Ellas/Uds cierron

Other verbs of this form:

Defender ‘to defend’ Despertar(se) ‘to wake up’
Empezar ‘to start’ Entender ‘to understand’
Perder ‘to lose’ Sentar(se) ‘to sit, settle’
Pensar ‘to think’ Recomender ‘to recommend’
Sentir ‘to feel’ Preferir ‘to prefer’
Divertir(se) ‘to have a good time’ Mentir ‘to lie’

Notes:

- Notice that these verbs have changes in all persons except nosotros
(we) and vosotros (you all).

- With verb stems having two or more syllables with both -e, the 2nd

syllable with the -e undergoes the change.

b. Replacing -o by -ue

Ex. Volver ‘to turn’ Almorzar ‘to eat lunch’







Yo vuelvo
Tu vuelves
El/Ella/Usted vuelve
Nosotros volvemos
Vosotros volvéis
Ellos/Ellas/Uds vuelvon

Other verbs of this form:

Acostar(se) ‘to lie down’
Costar ‘to cost’
Encontrar ‘to encounter’
Dormir ‘to sleep’





Yo almuerzo
Tu almuerzas
El/Ella/Usted almuerza Nosotros almorzamos Vosotros almorzلis
Ellos/Ellas/Uds almuerzon



Contar ‘to count’
Demonstrar ‘to demonstrate’ Recordar ‘to record’
Morir ‘to die’

- Nosotros and vosotros forms are still unchanged.

c. Replacing -e by -i

Ex. Pedir ‘to ask for, request’

Yo pido
To pides
El/Ella/Usted pide
Nosotros pedimos
Vosotros pedéis
Elllos/Ellos/Uds piden

Other verbs of this form:

Repetir ‘to repeat’



Servir ‘to serve’

Yo sirvo
Tu sirves
El/Ella/Usted sirve
Nosotros servimos
Vosotros servéis
Ellos/Ellas/Uds sirven



Vestir(se) ‘to get dressed’


- Nosotros and vosotros forms are still unchanged.
2. 1st Person Irregularity. Verbs having this irregularity use the pattern of the
endings of the regular forms but the 1st person singular (yo) undergoes some
changes. These include:
a. The -go form.
Ex. Caer ‘to fall’ Hacer ‘to do’ Poner ‘to put’
Yo caigo ‘I fall’ Yo hago ‘I do’ Yo pongo ‘I put’

Salir ‘to go out’ Traer ‘to bring’ Valer ‘to be worth’
Salgo ‘I go out’ Traigo ‘I bring …’ Valgo ‘I worth …’







Notes:

- Some verbs do not just use the suffix -go to form the present tense of
the 1st person singular, but also add other letters like /l/ or /i/ so as not

to make the words sound bad.

- All other persons (2nd, 3rd, and plural persons) use the regular pattern.
b. The -oy form.

Ex. Ir ‘to go’ Dar ‘to give’
Voy ‘I go’ Doy ‘I give’
c. The -guir verbs. In the 1st person singular form, -guo becomes -go only

Ex. Dinstinguir ‘to distinguish’
Yo distingo ‘I distinguish …’
d. The -ger / -gir verbs. These verbs change the -ger or -gir to a -jo.

Ex. Escoger ‘to choose’ Coger ‘to get’ Exigir ‘to demand’
Yo escojo ‘I choose’ Yo cojo ‘I get’ Yo exijo ‘I demand’
Recoger ‘to pick up’ Proteger ‘to protect’
Yo recojo ‘I pick up’ Yo protejo ‘I protect …’

Ser vs. Estar
The verbs ser and estar are the be-verbs of Spanish. They are conjugated as
follows:




Yo
Tu
El / Ella / Usted
Nosotros
Vosotros
Ellos / Ellas /
Ustedes

SER ESTAR
(to be) (to be)
Soy [soy] Estoy [es-toy]
ةres [e-res] Estلs [es-tas]
ةs [es] Estل [es-ta]
Somos [so-mos] Estamos [es-ta-mos]
Sois [so-is] Estلis [es-ta-is]
Son [son] Estلn [es-tan]



‘I am’
‘you are’
‘you are’ (formal)
‘he / she/ it is’
‘we are’
‘you (all) are’
‘you (all) are’ (formal)
‘they are’




This subtopic of Spanish verbs has always been a topic of confusion. Why does the Spanish language have 2 forms of the verb ‘to be’? When do we use ser or estar? To clarify this issue, we have listed the uses of each verb below.
Uses of ser:

- To introduce one’s self in terms of name, profession, and nationality.
Soy Maria. [soy ma-ri-ya] ‘I am Maria.’
؟Es Alemana? [es a-le-man] ‘Are you German?’ (formal)
Somos estudiantes. [so-mos es-tu-dyan-tes] ‘We are students.’

- To show possession.
Es de Miguel [es de mi-gel] ‘Miguel’s’ or ‘of Miguel’
Son de las vecinas [son de las ve-thi-nas] ‘the neighbors’ or
‘of the neighbors’
- To show what material a certain thing is made of.

La falda es de seda [la fal-da es de se-da] ‘The skirt is (made of) silk.’
Sus casas son de marmol. [sus ka-sas son de mar-mol] ‘Their houses are
(made of) marble.’

- To describe a noun according to a characteristic that changes gradually or doesn’t
change at all (i.e. personality, size, length, religion, color, etc.).
Es inteligente [es in-re-li-khen-te] ‘He is intelligent.’
Madrid es grande. [mad-rid es gran-de] ‘Madrid is big.’
؟Sois catَlicos? [so-is ka-to-li-kos] ‘Are you (all) Catholic?
Rosas son rojos. [ro-sas son ro-khos] ‘Roses are red.’
El es muy serio [el es muy ser-yo] ‘He is very serious.’

- To express time, dates, and days of the week.
Son las nueve. [son las nwe-ve] ‘It’s 9 o’clock.’
Es el cuarto de mayo. [es el kwar-to de ma-yo] ‘It’s the 4th of May.’
Es viernes. [es vyer-nes] ‘It’s Friday.’

Uses of estar:

- To state location or position (not origin), whether it is temporary or permanent.







Yo estoy en un mercado. Manila estل en la Filipinas.
[yo es-toy en un mer-ka-do] [ma-ni-la es-ta en la fi-li-pi-nas]
‘I am in a market.’ ‘Manila is in the Philippines.’

- To describe a noun according to a condition or feeling that is temporary or can
change immediately.

Estoy cansado. [es-toy kan-sa-do] ‘I’m tired.’
La puerta estل cerrada. [la pwer-ta es-ta ther-ra-dho] ‘The door is closed.’

Present Progressive Form
Another use of the verb estar is to form the present progressive form of the verbs in Spanish. In the English language, the present progressive is recognized by the use of a be-verb and the -ing form of another verb. Examples include: is ×××××ng, are eating, am playing, etc. This verb form falls under the present condition of the verb since the action is being done on the same moment the thought is being expressed.
So how do we form the present progressive in Spanish? Like what we have mentioned above, we will be using estar as the be-verb. If English has its -ing form of the verb, Spanish has -ando and -iendo as its counterparts. Hence, present progressive in Spanish is formed according to the following:
1. The subject should agree with the conjugated form of the verb estar.

Ex. Maria is eating.
Subject: Maria, 3rd person singular  Estل
I am waiting.
Subject: I, 1st person singular  Estoy
2. Remove the endings of the infinitive action verbs, and replace them with -ando
for -ar verbs and -iendo for both -er and -ir verbs.
Comer ‘to eat’  Comiendo ‘eating’






Esperar ‘to wait’  Esperando ‘waiting’

3. Therefore, present progressive form of Spanish verb is: estar + -ando/-iendo.

Maria estل comiendo. Yo estoy esperando.
[ma-ri-ya es-ta ko-myen-do] [yo es-toy es-pe-ran-do]
‘Maria is eating.’ ‘I am waiting.’

[Iron Man]

.

DAY 9:
Conjugating Verbs to Past Tense and Past Participle
After learning conjugation of Spanish verbs to present tense, we now move on to conjugating them in the past tense. In doing everyday conversations, we cannot avoid talking about something that has already happened some time ago - may it be last week, yesterday, or even just a few seconds ago. Hence, included in learning this course is how to express events in the past.
Preterite (read as [pre-te-rit]) is the term used in Spanish that speaks about the past. To form this tense, there is again a need for conjugation.

Regular Forms
Regular verbs form their past by, again, having to omit their infinitive endings and replacing them with the following suffixes:





Yo

Tu

El / Ella / Usted

Nosotros

Vosotros

Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes

-AR Verbs
Ex. Hablar (to speak)

Hablé [a-ble]

Hablaste [a-blas-te]

Hablَ [a-blo]
Hablamos [a-bla-mos]
Hablasteis [a-blas-te-is]
Hablaron [ab-la-ron]

-ER and -IR Verbs
Ex. Comer (to eat)
Escribir (to write)
Comي [ko-mi]
Escribي [es-kri-bi]
Comiste [ko-mis-te]
Escribiste [es-kri-bis-te]
Comiَ [kom-yo[
Escribiَ [es-krib-yo]
Comimos [ko-mi-mos]
Escribimos [es-kri-bi-mos]
Comisteis [ko-mis-te-is]
Escribisteis [es-kri-bis-te-is]
Comieron [ko-mye-ron]
Escribieron [es-kri-bye-ron]

Notice that from the above table, the conjugation of -er and -ir verbs for the
preterite is the same. Also, remember that the vowels with the accent mark on top of






them signify an emphasis on the syllable. You should be able to interpret by now the

examples given above. They stand for ‘I spoke,’ ‘I ate,’ ‘I wrote,’ and so on.

Irregular Forms
In forming the past tense, there are also Spanish verbs that don’t comply exactly with the above pattern of endings. These verbs have their own form in one or more of the persons, which is why they belong to the irregular forms.
1. Irregular AR Verbs. Verbs ending in -car, -gar, and -zar has a different 1st
person singular form, but carry the same endings as the regular verbs for the rest
of their forms.
a. -car. Uses -que in the 1st person singular form.
Ex. Sacar ‘to take out’ Explicar ‘to explain’
Saqué [sa-ke] ‘I took out’ Expliqué [eks-pli-ke] ‘I explained’

Tocar ‘to play’ Buscar ‘to look for’
Toqué [to-ke] ‘I played’ Busqué [bus-ke] ‘I looked for’

Indicar ‘to indicate’ Practicar ‘to practice’
Indique [in-di-ke] ‘I indicated’ Practiqué [prak-ti-ke] ‘I practiced’

b. -gar. Uses -gue in the 1st person singular form.

Ex. Llegar ‘to arrive’ Pagar ‘to pay’
Llegué [lye-ge] ‘I arrived’ Pagué [pa-ge] ‘I paid’

Pegar ‘to glue’ Apagar ‘to put out’
Pegué [pe-ge] ‘I glued’ Apagué [a-pa-ge] ‘I put out’

Jugar ‘to play’
Jugué [hu-ge] ‘I played’
c. -zar. Uses -ce in the 1st person singular form.

Ex. Cruzar ‘to cross’ Lanzar ‘to throw’
Crucé [kru-the] ‘I crossed’ Lancé [lan-the]‘I threw …






Almorzar ‘to eat breakfast’
Almorcé [al-mor-the] ‘I ate breakfast’
2. Irregular IR Verbs. These verbs follow the patterned endings of the regular
verbs but undergo spelling changes in the stem, particularly on the 3rd person form
- both singular and plural. These changes are done by:

a. Replacing -e by -i
Ex. Servir ‘to serve’ Pedir ‘to ask for’

Yo servي Yo pedي
Tu serviste Tu pediste
El/Ella/Usted sirviَ El/Ella/Usted pidiَ
Nosotros servimos Nosotros pedimos
Vosotros servisteis Vosotros pedisteis
Ellos/Ellas/Uds sirvieron Ellos/Ellas/Uds pidieron

Other verbs of this form:

Repetir ‘to repeat’ Preferir ‘to prefer’

b. Replacing -o by -u
Ex. Dormir ‘to sleep’ Morir ‘to die’

Yo dormي Yo morي
Tu dormiste Tu moriste
El/Ella/Usted durmiَ El/Ella/Usted muriَ
Nosotros dormimos Nosotros morimos
Vosotros dormisteis Vosotros moristeis
Ellos/Ellas/Uds durmieron Ellos/Ellas/Uds murieron
3. Verbs with Double Vowels. Usually, when these verbs are conjugated to past
tense, they form segments that can be read in two different ways, particularly in
the 3rd person form. To avoid confusion in pronunciation, these verbs change the -
iَ to -yo and -ieron to -yeron in the singular and plural forms of the 3rd person,
respectively.
Ex. Leer ‘to read’ Construir ‘to construct’








Yo leي
Tu leيste
El/Ella/Usted leyَ
Nosotros leيmos
Vosotros leيsteis
Ellos/Ellas/Uds leyeron

Other verbs having this form:

Oir ‘to hear’
Creer ‘to believe’
Concluir ‘to conclude’
Incluir ‘to include’






Yo construe
Tu construiste
El/Ella/Usted construyَ Nosotros construimos Vosotros leyeron
Ellos/Ellas/Uds construyeron



Caer ‘to fall’
Poseer ‘to possess’
Huir ‘to run away from’
Contribuir ‘to contribute’

4. Other Irregular Forms. Verbs displaying this irregularity change their spellings
to those farther from the original, before adding a different set of patterned
endings - not the same as the pattern for the regular verbs. In other words, there is
a change both in the stems and in the patterned endings. These verbs are:
- Venir ‘to come’ becomes vin-
- Poner ‘to put’ becomes pus- then add the following endings:
- Saber ‘to know’ becomes sup- -e -imos
- Estar ‘to be’ becomes estuv- -iste -isteis
- Tener ‘to have’ becomes tuv- -o -ieron
- Poder ‘to be able to’ becomes pud-

- Hacer ‘to make’ becomes hic-  3rd person singular form is hizo


- Decir ‘to say’ becomes dij-
- Producir ‘to produce’ becomes produj- 3rd person plural form, add:
- Conducir ‘to lead’ becomes conduj- -eron
- Traducir ‘to translate’ becomes traduj-


5. Ser ‘to be’ and Ir ‘to go’ are conjugated the same in the past tense.
Yo fui Nosotros fuimos
Tu fuiste Vosotros fuisteis
El/Ella/Usted fue Ellos/Ellas/Uds fueron






For example, yo fui can mean either ‘I was’ or ‘I went.’ Tu fuiste can mean either ‘you was’ or ‘you went.’

[Iron Man]

.

DAY 10:
Conjugating Verbs to Future Tense
You now know how to conjugate Spanish verbs to their past and present tenses.
It’s now time to learn how to conjugate them to the future tense. That’s why let’s take
this day to study the easiest and least complicated tense in Spanish verbs to conjugate -
the future tense.
We use the future tense or el tiempo futuro to state actions not yet started,
characteristics not yet attained, and/or achievements not yet accomplished, but to be done
after some time from the present. In English, the future can be expressed in two ways -
by using the words will or shall and by the present progressive be going to. For example,
when asked, “What are you going to do tomorrow morning?” your answer can be, “I will
go to the market,” or “I am going to the market.” Hence, we will be studying these forms
with Spanish verbs.

Regular Forms
Conjugating verbs to future tense is different from conjugating to the past and the present, because you don’t need to omit the infinitive endings of the verbs (-ar, -er, and -
ir). You will immediately affix the patterned endings that represent the future tense. These patterned endings are the SAME for -ar, -er, and -ir verbs. Hence, you only have to know and be familiar with one set of endings. Study the table below:
-AR, -ER, -IR Verbs
Ex. Hablar (to speak) Comer (to eat) Escribir (to write)
Yo Hablaré Comeré Escribiré
[ab-la-re] [ko-me-re] [es-kri-bi-re]
Tu Hablarلs Comerلs Escribirلs
[ab-la-ras] [ko-me-ras] [es-kri-bi-ras]
El/Ella/Usted Hablarل Comerل Escribirل
[ab-la-ra] [ko-me-ra] [es-kri-bi-ra]






Nosotros Hablaremos Comeremos Escribiremos
[ab-la-re-mos] [ko-me-re-mos] [es-kri-bi-re-mos]
Vosotros Hablaréis Comeréis Escribiréis
[ab-la-re-is] [ko-me-re-is] [es-kri-bi-re-is]
Ellos/Ellas/Usetdes Hablarلn Comerلn Escribirلn
[ab-la-ran] [ko-me-ran] [es-kri-bi-ran]
So, when you want to say ‘she will eat,’ just take the infinitive verb comer then add the suffix for 3rd person (-ل). You can use the pronoun ella to know that the one who will perform the action is a girl: Ella comerل.
Notice that accents are present on all forms except the nosotros.

Irregular Forms
Spanish verbs having this form undergo changes in spelling, before having the
patterned endings above attached to them when forming the future tense. These verbs
include:

Poner ‘to put, place’ becomes pondr- before adding the endings (pondré, pondrلs, pondrل, pondremos, pondréis, pondrلn)


Tener ‘to have’ becomes tendr-
Valer ‘to be worth’ becomes valdr-
Poder ‘to be able to’ becomes podr-
Saber ‘to know’ becomes sabr-
Hacer ‘to make’ becomes har-
Salir ‘to come out’ becomes saldr-
Venir ‘to come’ becomes vendr-
Caber ‘to fit’ becomes cabr-
Querer ‘to like’ becomes querr-
Decir ‘to say’ becomes dir-

Be-Going-To Form




Endings for Future Tense

-e -emos
-as -eis
-a -an

As mentioned earlier, another way of expressing el tiempo futuro is by using the
‘be going to’ form in English. Examples include “I am going to sing at the ceremony;
they are going to visit their relatives; and aren’t you going to buy these flowers?”



Although the statements above use the present progressive form of the verb go, these state actions yet to be done. These actions are those that are expressed in the infinitive forms - to sing, to visit, and to buy.
In the Spanish language, this works the same way. The conjugation of the verb ‘go’ is used in the present tense, plus the infinitive form of the other verb that is to be done later. The subject, again, is optional. The sentence created using this form can still stand correctly even without the subject. Hence, in Spanish, this form can be seen as conjugation of ir + a + infinitive form of another verb, where ir is ‘to go’ and a is the preposition ‘to’ in Spanish.
Ir ‘to go’ is conjugated as follows: voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van, where the order
is from the 1st person singular to 3rd person plural. Some examples to guide you are listed
below:
Voy a nadar en la playa ‘I am going to swim in the beach.’
Vas a leer un libro ‘You are going to read a book.’
El va a comer una tarta ‘He is going to eat a cake.’
Vamos a dormir en un hotel. ‘We are going to sleep in a hotel.’
؟Van a arrestar el chico? ‘Are they going to arrest the boy?’
Keep in mind that when using this form to express the future, what you need to really remember and be knowledgeable about is the correct conjugation of the verb ir in the present tense. You shouldn’t have any problems with the infinitive verb as you won’t do any changes to it.